Linus Pauling free essay sample

This paper presents and talks about the life of Nobel Prize winning researcher, Linus Pauling. The accompanying paper examines the life of Linus Pauling, concentrating on his accomplishments and disclosures. The author talks about how in 1954, Pauling was granted the Nobel Prize in science for his work in concoction bonds and in 1962 he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his endeavors for the benefit of an atomic test boycott settlement. This paper likewise talks about his book The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Linus Pauling was conceived in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901. At the point when he was nine, his dad kicked the bucket, and his mom in the long run lost the drugstore her better half had possessed. The family, comprising of Linus, his two sisters, and his mom, needed to move into a littler house. His mom took in outskirts, and cash was consistently a steady concern for the family. Pauling was a decent understudy, and wanted to peruse anything he could get his hands on. We will compose a custom article test on Linus Pauling or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He stated, I have for a long while been itching to know however much as could be expected about the world. As a kid, I appreciated perusing and going to class Possibly I am a researcher since I was interested when I was youthful When I was eleven, with no outside motivation just library books I began gathering creepy crawlies When I was twelve I started finding out about rocks and minerals and began gathering them

Role of women in the church

The jobs that ladies play in chapel administration today have been of basic significance in upgrading execution of chapel services in both integral and dynamic jobs. Sound examinations on libertarianism demonstrate that the goal of God in regards to chapel service and influential positions has been that the two people serve in equivalent positions and status.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Role of Women in the Church explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rakate brings up that the point of view of scriptural fairness grasps skin shading, religion and sexual orientation while supporting the way that God made people similarly with same duties to serve him.1 However, various perspectives from complementarianism and populism on the job of ladies in the congregation have been regions of basic significance. It is against this background this paper investigates the job of ladies in chapel service. Regardless, the term senior in the new confirmation (likewi se called presbusteros) has been utilized a few times to allude to the seventy pupils recorded in Luke 10: 1-24, to the twelve messengers in Luke 6: 12-16 just as others who were in power and held positions of authority in a Christian get together. Hamman calls attention to that the term senior in the New Testament didn't indicate age, yet spoke to both character and position of an individual as far as respect, understanding, poise and maturity.2 An elder in unique scriptural language ‘Diakoneo’ alludes to a worker. The term has been utilized multiple times in the New Testament to allude to an individual serving at the table with models from Acts 6:1 and Luke 10:41. As per acts 6:3-5, the center capabilities of an individual filling the workplace of a minister incorporate great notoriety, utilization of shrewdness and indication of the Holy Spirit in their life. Other potential capabilities incorporate being inside powerful and attractive. Then again, the capabilities o f a senior are an excessive number of as shown by Paul in Titus 1: 6-9 and furthermore in 1Timothy. They incorporate having a decent notoriety, a drawn out proselyte, capacity to oversee family well, understanding, forgoing, friendly, workable, good, calm, dependably wedded to one spouse and exemplary of any faulty character. One of the key issues in Christian service with respect to the inclusion of ladies in the service has been whether they should fill in as elders and older folks. Paul in first Timothy 2: 9-15 firmly restricts ladies accepting positions of authority while preferring complementarianism. He says in stanza twelve of Timothy 2: 9-15 that â€Å"I don't allow a lady to instruct or to practice authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.†3Advertising Looking for exposition on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This announcement has been rehashed a few times in 1 Cori nthians 14:13, Titus 1: 6-9 and first Timothy 3: 1-13 and emphatically shows that authority positions are an area of men. The core of the contention is that despite the fact that God made men and female to be equivalent, it didn't infer that the jobs and capacities they were to complete were to be similar.4 Conversely, libertarianism favors ladies and positions of authority. In Galatians 3:28, Paul says that â€Å"there is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are each of the one in Christ Jesus.†5 However, it is rushed to decipher Paul’s position to imply that ladies are equivalent with men regarding influential positions. The way that people are one in Christ alludes to confidence and salvation which is offered to all paying little heed to sex, race or financial status, and not influential positions. Be that as it may, it is basic to take note of that outside the congregation, ladies influential positions are rel evant, however it is copiously evident that it has not been a simple illicit relationship as men despite everything overwhelm numerous authority positions. In the congregation, ladies have made tremendous commitments in reciprocal jobs and in influential positions in certain chapels. This has been in driving gatherings, creating melodies and lessons. To summarize, the conversation above has been founded on the postulation explanation that â€Å"the jobs that ladies play in chapel initiative today have been of basic significance in improving execution of chapel services in both corresponding and dynamic roles†. From the conversation, it is obvious that various perspectives which are scripturally based have been raised preferring both libertarianism and complementarianism. As noted from populism, ladies assume significant jobs in chapel services and have the right to be dealt with similarly as men since they are equivalent before God. List of sources Hamman, Jaco. â€Å"Resist ance to ladies in service and the psychodynamics of sadness.† Pastoral Psychology, 59(2010)769-781. Rakate, Faith. â€Å"Women in authority: relevant elements and boundaries.†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 166-168.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Role of Women in the Church explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1 Rakate, Faith, â€Å"Women in initiative: logical elements and boundaries,†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 167. 2 Hamman, Jaco, â€Å"Resistance to ladies in service and the psychodynamics of sadness,† Pastoral Psychology, 59(2010)781. 3 Ibid.780 4 Ibid. 781 5Rakate, Faith, â€Å"Women in initiative: relevant elements and boundaries,†Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2011): 168. This exposition on Role of Women in the Church was composed and presented by client Madelyn Miranda to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

SIPA Honors Distinguished Guests, Raises Fellowship Funds COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Honors Distinguished Guests, Raises Fellowship Funds COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog An audience of 300 luminaries, faculty, alumni, students, and special guests gathered at the historic Plaza Hotel in New York on April 2 for SIPAs 14th Annual Global Leadership Awards Gala. The event honors individuals who, through their work in public policy and administration, have made innovative or otherwise extraordinary contributions to the global public interest, with a focus this year on economic development and sustainability in particular. These leaders exemplify what SIPA can do for individuals and for the world: provide students with the international perspective, academic background, and practical experience to solve the most pressing global challenges. Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger introduced SIPA Dean Merit E. Janow, who presented awards to this years honorees: Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever; Judith Rodin, president of the Rockefeller Foundation; and Joan Spero MIA 68, a Trustee Emerita and senior research scholar at Columbia University. Highlights of the program included remarks from SIPA students Jessi Jou Tseng MPA 14 and Joe Lemaron Sadallah MIA 15. The event raised a record amount of $450,000, which will be used for student fellowships.     So thats good news for our incoming first year students.

SIPA Honors Distinguished Guests, Raises Fellowship Funds COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Honors Distinguished Guests, Raises Fellowship Funds COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog An audience of 300 luminaries, faculty, alumni, students, and special guests gathered at the historic Plaza Hotel in New York on April 2 for SIPAs 14th Annual Global Leadership Awards Gala. The event honors individuals who, through their work in public policy and administration, have made innovative or otherwise extraordinary contributions to the global public interest, with a focus this year on economic development and sustainability in particular. These leaders exemplify what SIPA can do for individuals and for the world: provide students with the international perspective, academic background, and practical experience to solve the most pressing global challenges. Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger introduced SIPA Dean Merit E. Janow, who presented awards to this years honorees: Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever; Judith Rodin, president of the Rockefeller Foundation; and Joan Spero MIA 68, a Trustee Emerita and senior research scholar at Columbia University. Highlights of the program included remarks from SIPA students Jessi Jou Tseng MPA 14 and Joe Lemaron Sadallah MIA 15. The event raised a record amount of $450,000, which will be used for student fellowships.     So thats good news for our incoming first year students.

A Beginners Guide to Delphi Programming

Beginner developers eager to master the Delphi programming language should already be familiar with the basics of Microsoft Windows. Learning Delphi is easiest if you  approach it from a guided, tutorial-based frame of reference.   Foundational  Concepts Get started with a history lesson covering the evolution of  (Turbo) Pascal to Delphi 2005, such that Delphi evolved into a rapid-application-deployment framework intended to offer high-performance, scalable applications for online and mobile delivery. After that, explore the meat-and-potatoes of what Delphi actually is and how to install and configure its development environment. From there, explore the main parts and tools of the Delphi IDE. Hello, World! Begin your overview of application development with Delphi by creating a simple project,  writing code, compiling, and running a project. Then  learn about  properties, events, and Delphi Pascal  by creating your second simple Delphi application — allowing you to learn how to place components on a form, set their properties, and  write event-handler procedures to make components cooperate. Delphi Pascal Before you start developing more sophisticated applications by using the RAD features of Delphi, you should learn the basics of the  Delphi Pascal  language. At this point, youll need to start thinking carefully about code maintenance, including code commenting, and how to  cleaning your Delphi code errors — a discussion on Delphi design, run and compile time errors and how to prevent them. Also, take a look at some solutions to most common logic errors. Forms and Databases In just about every Delphi application, we use forms to present and retrieve information from users. Delphi arms us with a rich array of visual tools for creating forms and determining their properties and behavior. We can set them up at  design time  using the property editors and we can write code to re-set them dynamically at runtime.  Look at simple SDI forms and consider some good reasons for not letting your program auto-create forms. Delphi Personal  edition does not offer database support, but you can  create your own  flat  database to store any kind of  data — all without a single data-aware component. Managing Your Work While youre developing a large Delphi application, as your  program becomes more complex, its source code can become hard to maintain. Create your own code modules — Delphi code files that contain logically associated functions and procedures. Along the way you should explore Delphis built-in routines and how to make all the units of a Delphi application cooperate. The Delphi IDE (the  code editor) helps you effectively jump from a method implementation and a method declaration, locate a  variable declaration  using tooltip symbol insight features, and more.

Speech Outline- Life of a Working College Student - 949 Words

Days of Your Life 1 Days of Your Life General Purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience about my culture and life as a working student. Thesis Statement: Introduction For years, college students have been told that their college years would be the â€Å"time of their lives†, what people don’t tell us, is what makes it the time of our life. According to a National Retail Federation survey conducted in 2009, Nearly 49.1 percent of college students will be living at home this year, meaning that just over half of you are living on your own, without the support of your parents. 1. Even though more than half of the college students in America will be living at home, most†¦show more content†¦a. Being a girl in the working environment, I am expected to act like a typical girl, to be smiling all the time, and not be able to interact with customers n a casual way. b. Most people in the work force are able to contribute their skills and ideas to their workday, but being a college student, that eliminates any originality that would normally be shown. Since I am in a position where I have to live on my own, I have had to find a way to be able to pay rent, buy food, pay for gas, and other random expenses; and working at my church makes it possible to do all of this. 1. Working at New Cov provides me free housing, free groceries, and gas money for the services that I provide. a. Those services include working in the office as an administrator, leading high school small groups and Bible studies, and helping plan events in the women’s ministries. b. The total hours for doing this normally is between 20-30 hours per week. i. Though doing this pays for a majority of my living expenses, these hours combined with the amount of time I spendShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech: John Smalls1294 Words   |  6 PagesSPEECH 1311 PERSUASIVE ASSIGNMENT Behavioral Objective: Each student will deliver a 4 to 6 minute speech with the purpose to inform and PERSUADE their audience. Topic Selection: Each student will choose their own topic. The topic must be a SOCIAL TWO SIDED ISSUE. The student will select ONE SIDE of the issue to support and convince their audience to TAKE ACTION. See page three for possible topics. Assignments: ONE PAGE SUMMARY. Each student will submit a one page summary that includesRead MoreInformative Speech On Excessive Homework910 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline Topic: Homework Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech my audience will understand and be informed of the issue with too much homework. Central Idea: Excessive homework is unnecessary for the majority of college students. Introduction: Online Work Attention Getter: â€Å"About 45 percent of undergraduate students attend college while working part time. 80 percent of undergraduate students worked Read MorePersuasive Speech: Why You Should Go to College?1010 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿PERSUASIVE SPEECH 4 Persuasive speech: Why you should go to college Attention Student debt is at an all-time high. Many college students and recent graduates may find themselves asking: whats the point? Why go to college if there is no guarantee of a great job, but you are almost certainly guaranteed to graduate with high levels of debt? But take a careful look at the statistics. While the unemployment rate for recent four year college graduates is 6.8%, the unemployment rate for recent highRead MoreHomeschooling Persuasive Speech1000 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Homeschooling Persuasive Speech NAME: David Breaker SPEECH #: 4 SPEECH TITLE: Homeschooling SUPPORTING MATERIALS SOURCE(S): â€Å"Disadvantages of Homeschooling†. Homeschool Companion. July 20 2014. Merry, Micheal S., and Sjored Karsten. Restricted Liberty, Parental Choice And Homeschooling. Journal Of Philosophy Of Education 44.4 (2010): 497-514. Sorey, Kellie, and Molly H. Duggan. Homeschoolers Entering Community Colleges: Perceptions Of Admission Officers. Journal Of College Admission 200 (2008):Read MoreGraduation Speech : College Students1272 Words   |  6 PagesCollege, whether community, private, public, or vocational, encourages a creativity and belief within students, offering the explanation that their futures increase ten-fold just by having a degree. It proves the ability to learn and connect concepts and to think critically and efficiently, skills highly useful in their careers and endeavors. It instills within students, the truth about the world around them and how interactions with staff and peers will guide them for their future encountersRead MoreReflective Essay On Public Speaking752 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Speaking is a valuable life skill humans need to develop in their lifetime. This skill allows one to communicate and interact with people in a large or small public setting. There are individual s who are â€Å"natural born† public speakers; to others, it’s a skill that they learn over time by practice. Growing up I was always confident with public speaking. Being an architecture major, students are required to give presentations to large audiences throughout our college career. Overall, having thisRead MoreThe Case of Susan Essay example1273 Words   |  6 Pagesyour EDCEP 853 College Students with Special Needs course that a person with an auditory processing disorder periodically experiences an inability to process verbal information. This learning disability (LD) can make it difficult for students to understand and organize large amounts of spoken information presented in lectures or class discussions (â€Å"Learning Disabilities,† 2012). Learning disabilities are often called â€Å"hidden disabilities because they are not self-evident. Some students would ratherRead MoreNASA Funding: Beyond the Stars1429 Words   |  6 PagesAmiee Montano Heidi Gornto Public Speaking Tuesday: 5-9:15pm 12/03/2012 Final Outline Beyond the Stars Speech Topic: NASA Funding Speech Title: Beyond the Stars Categories: Policy General Purpose Statement: To Persuade Organizational Pattern: Problem, Cause, Solution Specific Purpose Statement: To persuade to my audience that we as tax payers should fund NASA. Central Idea Statement: To persuade to my audience, that we as tax payers should fund NASA. By first, discussingRead MorePublic Speaking Speech925 Words   |  4 PagesEach speech throughout public speaking was delivered by the use of unique speaking styles and techniques. I felt the speeches delivered- personal narrative, redefinition, advocacy, and commemorative- built on each other. This allowed myself as well as other students to effectively use old speaking techniques while learning to adapt new techniques. The goal of these various speaking techniques was to keep the attention of the audience while trying to get the overall message of the speech across. AlthoughRead MoreChapter 3 : An Purpose For Reading1324 Words   |  6 Pagesreading. Chapter 3 helped me get involve with my readings by annotating the text and developing questions within the text while I am actively engaging with my studies. Also, this chapter showed me different note taking styles which are mind mapping, outline, SQ3R, and Cornell notes. I can make a mixture of these note taking styles to my preference. Chapter 7 is another useful resource, this chapter discuss thinking clearly and communicating your ideas. One key aspect is presentation skills; able to

Y183 Tma01 - 1122 Words

There are various ways in which we can organise our thinking. These can be helpful when we are trying to improve our memory or when trying to recall things from the past. The three ways I am about to explain are all similar in the way we organise our thinking, and can be a powerful aid to our memory. Each point is backed up with evidence to support this. One of the ways we organise our thinking is by using mental images. By forming a mental image, we are thinking about something by constructing a mental picture of it in our mind. There are various ways of constructing mental images which can lead to better recall when trying to remember things. The mental image will give us a cue when we come to recalling the information. We will have†¦show more content†¦For example, if you were to think of the word ‘hospital’, your schema would include a list of everything you associate with a hospital. For example, hospital beds, the smell of cleaning fluids, ambulance sirens, doctors and nurses, etc. Schemas can help provide a cue to prompt our memory when coming to recalling information. We will have stored the information in a specific category so that it can be recalled more easily. One example of this is shown in an experiment carried out by John Bransford and Marcia Johnson (1972). Participants were read a passage which described in detail the process of washing clothes, however they were not told that the title was ‘washing clothes’. Many of the participants found that they had difficulty in understanding the passage and were unable to recall the details. However once the participants were given the title to the passage, this provided the schema which helped them to recall the information more easily. Although schemas are an efficient way of helping us to organise our thinking by providing a cue when recalling information, they can also distort our recall and lead us astray. Evidence to prove this was carried out in a study by William Brewer (1981) to prove the distorting effects of schemas on memory. The participants were taken into an office and asked to wait for 35 seconds. They were then taken into another room and asked to recall the contents thatShow MoreRelatedY183 Tma011258 Words   |  6 PagesModule: Y183 – Assignment: TMA01 Task 1 How can the way in which we organise our thinking by using mental images, concepts and schemas help us improve our memory? Part A Sketch out a plan for an essay to answer the above question. Introduction: - what is the task? - how do I plan to address it? - split into 3 areas - definition of each - evidence of each Mental images: - definition - what they can be used for

Advanced Diploma of Community Services- Leadership

Question: Describe about the Advanced Diploma of Community Services for Leadership. Answer: Activity 2: a. Strategies for creating active support from the stakeholders: Stakeholder management is a significant element to the successful completion of any program or project within the organizational structure. Furthermore, as stakeholders are directly affected by any changes in the operational procedure, it is necessary for the organization to provide effective information to all the stakeholders. Many studies have highlighted that effective stakeholder management will develop positive relationship with both external and internal stakeholders of the organization, which eventually will help organization to fulfill all the objectives in an appropriate manner[1]. It highlights the fact that organization needs to implement effective strategies for fulfilling all the objectives of implementing change in the operational procedure. Now, in order to launch products globally, organization will have to focus on the following stakeholder management strategies: Stakeholder mapping: Launching products globally requires huge amount of investment from the organization. Therefore, it is expected that the decision will create massive impact on all the stakeholders of the company. However, the impact of the business strategy will not have same kind of impact on all the stakeholders of the company[2]. It is necessary for the organization to identify and prioritize all the stakeholders based on the affect of the changes in the operational processes. For instance, global launch of products will require investors of the organization to invest more on the operational process. Therefore, organization needs to ensure that the information regarding the necessity of launching products globally can reach to the investors in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, strategies will have to be developed to identify the satisfaction level of each stakeholder, as it can have impact on the overall effectiveness of the business procedure. Evaluation of the prime influences: Many studies have highlighted the fact that proper evaluation of all the influences is important for effective management of the stakeholders[3]. Understanding of influence of each stakeholder will allow the organization to develop strategies, which will create maximum impact on the effective management of stakeholders. Thus, organization needs to measure the influence of stakeholders through the ranking scale from high, medium to low. Again, the utilization of ranking scale will allow the organization to handle stakeholders with significant power effectively, which will help to fulfill all the requirements of successful launch of products in the global market[4]. Identification of the triggers: Many studies have mentioned that the reaction pattern of stakeholders varies in different ways[5]. Therefore, it is necessary for the organization to identify prime triggers that can induce stakeholders to react negatively towards organization. For instance, launching products globally contains huge amount of risks that the stakeholders needs to consider in a positive way. Therefore, organization needs to develop strategies so that stakeholders can able to identify the kind of positive impact that the change in business procedure can have on the overall revenue level of the organization. Development of alternative opportunities: Stakeholder management is an extremely difficult process, as many factors can have impact on this factor. Therefore, organization strategies need to focus on alternative solutions for effective management of the stakeholder[6]. For instance, organization needs to develop strategy for creating positive mindset among the stakeholders that the change in the operational procedure will help to increase the revenue level of the organization. However, organization also needs to focus on alternative strategies of highlighting the short-term benefits as well, as it will induce stakeholders to fulfill all the business objectives in an appropriate manner. b. Effectiveness of the implemented actions: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that the focus organization is looking to implement systematic procedure for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner[7]. Now, it is expected that the implementation of systematic procedure will help the organization to cover all aspects of stakeholder management regarding the changes in business procedure. Furthermore, it will help organization to address both internal as well as external stakeholders regarding the proposed change in the business procedure[8]. For instance, stakeholder mapping will allow the organization to evaluate the satisfaction level of each stakeholder. Therefore, it will allow organization to develop strategies in such a way so that it can create maximum impact on the business processes. Now, the proposed change will create major impact on the investors. Therefore, stakeholders mapping will allow handling investors in an appropriate way. On the other hand, identification of the triggers will help organization to identify the prime factors that can have adverse impact on the stakeholder management perspectives[9]. Therefore, it will help organization to develop alternative counter strategies, which will eventually create healthy internal and external business environment[10]. Furthermore, identification of prime influences will allow organization to prioritize their responsibilities in an appropriate manner. Therefore, it will also create positive impact on the effectiveness of the overall business processes. c. Selected promotion mediums for ensuring positive representation of the company: Many studies have highlighted the fact that selection of effective mediums or tools are necessary for establishing any business in the global market[11]. With increasing competition in the global market, it has become necessary for all the organization to utilize aggressive promotional strategies for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner. Now, in order to launch products in the global market, the focus organization will utilize following promotional mediums: Internet and Social media promotions: Over the past few years, use of internet has increased in a significant manner all across the globe. Particularly, social media platforms have become integral part of life Therefore, it has become necessary for each organization to utilize internet and social media platform in order to reach to the global customers[12]. Internet and social media also has provided unique way including pictures and blogging to grab the attention of the customers. Furthermore, the focus organization needs to utilize social media platform as a two-way communication tools so that queries of customers from different parts of the world can be solved in an effective manner[13]. Thus, it will help to increase satisfaction level among the customers, which will eventually create positive impact on the effective fulfillment of the business objectives. Television advertisements: Regardless of increasing popularity of internet and social media platform, television is still the most prominent tool for promotional campaign. Therefore, the focus organization will also have to utilize television platform in an appropriate way for fulfilling all the business objectives in an appropriate manner[14]. The organization needs to focus on popular television shows and live sporting events for creating maximum impact on the global market. Print media promotions: Though the increasing popularity of electronic and social media platform has reduced the significance of print media promotion, it still can have major impact on fulfilling business objectives in an appropriate way[15]. Therefore, the focus organization will have to utilize newspapers and magazines to get closer to potential customers in the global market. Furthermore, the focus organization needs to provide information regarding any special offers through the print media promotions for maximizing the impact on the market. Outdoor advertisements: The focus organization also needs to utilize outdoor advertisement techniques in order to provide information to the potential customers in the world market. Therefore, it needs to focus on the effective utilization billboards, leaflets and hoardings for fulfilling the organizational objectives. Now, the focus organization needs to utilize popular destinations like shopping malls, multiplex and national highways for creating maximum impact on the global market. d. Impact of legislation on global interaction: Legislative rules and regulations also plays critical role at the time of launching products in the global market. Many studies have highlighted the fact that political environment in a particular economy also plays a key role in the development of rules and regulations. For instance, different economies have their own standards regarding the quality of the products that the organization will have to be mentioned for fulfill business objectives in an appropriate manner[16]. For instance, several economies like to have direct interference of the introduction of foreign products in the domestic markets. In fact, countries like China and Japan has huge amount of legislative restrictions that reduces the possibility of effective development foreign business within the market. However, globalization has helped many organizations to expand their businesses across the boundaries of the countries, which also help to create positive impact on the overall business level of the organization. However, studies have mentioned that legislative rules and restrictions induce organizations to maintain specifics factors so that it can create positive impact on the economy as well[17]. Firstly, organization needs to focus on maintaining basic legislative rules like taxations and quality of the products in order to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Furthermore, legislative rules and regulations have been developed for providing enough earning opportunities for the local people. Furthermore, several countries also have developed legislative rules and regulations for providing health and safety benefits to the employees so that they can able to give their best at the workplace. Furthermore, organization also needs to focus on the political environment of a particular country, as it also can have major impact on the overall impact of the marketing campaign[18]. Now, maintaining all the legislative rules and regulations will help organization to develop strong brand in the glo bal market. Therefore, it will help the focus organization to increase the effectiveness of the implemented marketing strategies to introduce products in the global market. Thus, it is necessary for the focus organization to include all the legislative rules within the business campaign so that the products can create desired impact on the global market. e. Possible risks that need to be addressed: Launching products in the international market is not an easily thing. In fact, organization will have to face several risks for fulfilling the business objective in an appropriate manner[19]. Now, risk is an integral part of business that organizations need to deal with in an effective way. Specifically, launching products in the global market is a complex job that has to deal with precise risks that are discussed as follows: Marketing risks: Effective utilization of marketing is necessary for introducing products in the global market in an appropriate manner[20]. However, effectiveness of marketing campaign heavily depends on factors like culture, values and ethics of a particular country. Therefore, organization needs to develop marketing strategies in such a way so that it can go with culture and values of a particular country. Thus, a risks element is always associated with the marketing campaign that it would not able to create desire impact. For that reason, it is necessary for the organization to develop some risk assessment strategies, which will increase the overall effectiveness of the marketing campaign. Distribution risks: Many studies have highlighted the fact that introducing products in the global market requires huge investment in the logistics or distribution sector[21]. In fact, it induces organizations to develop complex distribution network to ensure that the products can be available at every area of the globe. However, development of effective global network requires strong bonding with different level of distributors. Otherwise, organization would not able to fulfill all the distribution requirements, which will create adverse impact on the overall revenue level. Thus, it can be assessed that effectiveness of distribution depends on many factors that has increased the risk level associated with operational process of the organization. Sustainability risks: In the present competitive business environment, every organization has to face the risk of substitute products that can create major impact on the sustainability factor[22]. Therefore, sustaining the popularity of the product in the global market has emerged as one of the prime issue for the organization. Sustaining popularity of each product requires proper evaluation of customer needs and preferences in different segment of world market[23]. For that reason, organization looks to implement different strategies for understanding the change in the preferences of the customers in an appropriate way. Any wrong analysis of customer needs can actually induce products to vanish from the market. It highlights huge amount of risks for organization for conducting business effectively in the world market. Activity 3: Team leaders play critical role in influencing a group of individuals to work for the effective fulfilment of the organizational goals[24]. Therefore, organizations need to be very careful at the time of selecting an individual for the role of team leader. The organization needs to analyse specific skill level of individuals in order to judge whether the person can fulfil the roles and responsibilities of an effective team leader or not. The role and characteristics of an effective team leader are discussed as follows: Role of an effective team leader: Provide purpose: Team leaders are essential for combining a group of individual for the fulfilment of organizational goals and objectives. Therefore, one of the prime responsibilities of an effective team leader is to provide purpose to all the team members so that they can able to work together for the fulfilment of organizational goals. Many studies have mentioned that providing information regarding the significance of fulfilling any target for the organization can help to motivate employees to provide their best effort for fulfilling organizational objectives[25]. Therefore, it is team leaders responsibility to communicate with the employees in such a way so that they can able to identify the purpose of the organization in an effective manner. Develop a star team, not a team of stars: Team represents a group of individual that are working towards a particular goal of an organization. Therefore, it is necessary that each individual of a team is equally distributing the entire work. Otherwise, it will create misbalance regarding the work culture, as some of the employees will to take more responsibilities[26]. Thus, it eventually will create adverse impact on the performance level of the employees. For that reason, role of team leader includes proper development of team where each member is equally important. The role of team leader also is to ensure that no individual have to take any unnecessary additional responsibility, as it might create adverse impact on work-life balance. Develop shared ownership for all the results: Many studies have highlighted the fact that effective development of team requires sense of ownership among each individual within the team[27]. Sense of ownership among each member of the team helps to create strong motivation for fulfilling all the targets provided by the organization. Therefore, it also helps a particular team to avoid all possible difficulties in an appropriate manner, which eventually will create positive impact of the overall effectiveness of the operational process. Therefore, it is necessary for team leader to focus on effective development of shared ownership among the team members, as it can create positive impact on the overall revenue level of the organization. Establish self-managing team: In the present competitive business environment, many organization looks to utilize big teams with more than 50 members. Therefore, majority of the time it become very difficult for a particular team leader to provide effective support to all the team members in an appropriate way. Therefore, the role of team leaders also includes development of self-managing team where all the employees are capable of solving their own problems[28]. Furthermore, it allows team leader to provide more support that is appropriate to the new employees, which eventually help to fulfil all the provided organizational objectives. Inspire and motivate team members: Several studies have highlighted the fact that motivation is among the primary elements that team leader needs to develop within each team member effectively[29]. It has been assessed that motivated employees tend to provide more for the fulfilment of organizational objectives. Therefore, the role of team leader also include provide motivation to each employees. Thus, effective team leader tends to inspire team members through providing information about future scope or leading by example so that it can influence all the team members to provide their best for the organizational objectives. Establish constructive communication: Proper utilization of communication structure is another important factor that organization needs to utilize for maximizes the effectiveness of a team. Proper utilization of communication structure within the team allows all team members to remain on the same page. As a result, productivity of a team does not hamper due to confusion among the team members[30]. Therefore, the role of an effective leader must include development of constructive communication structure among all level of employees within the team. The team leader needs to develop an atmosphere where team members can share their views and perspectives in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, team leader also needs to consider the provided suggestion by the team members, which will help to develop positive work culture within the organizational environment. Unbiased performance measurement: Performance measurement of each team member is another key responsibility of a team leader. Many studies have highlighted the fact that proper utilization of performance measurement technique can help organization to motivate employees in an effective manner. Furthermore, proper utilization of performance measurement technique allows organization to develop healthy competition among the employees, which eventually create positive impact on the overall performance level of a team[31]. Therefore, team leader needs to remain unbiased at time of measuring the performance level of the employees, as it is necessary for developing an effective team within the organizational structure. Characteristics of an effective team leader: Vision: An effective team leader needs to have power of visualizing team success and also put that vision into real action. Thus, the effective team leader needs to have the ability to act on an idea or make critical decisions that are in line with the vision and mission statement of the organization. Thus, the prime characteristic of an effective team leader is to actualize the idea that goes with the organizational objective, which eventually helps organization to increase the present level of revenue. It has been assessed that envision of effective team leader brings success or positive results for the team. Communication: As mentioned earlier, communication is the most important factor that can make or break a particular team. Therefore, it is necessary for the team leaders to possess both verbal and written communication skills so that they can able to inspire or motivate other team members in an appropriate way[32]. Furthermore, effective communication skill can allow team members to have proper support at the difficult time, which not only help team member to fulfil all the responsibilities but also help to increase the overall effectiveness of the team. Delegation: One of the prime traits of an effective team leader is the ability to utilize the available resources for creating maximum productivity. An effective team leader needs to have the skill of analysing a particular situation in such way so that available resources can have maximum impact on the responsibility[33]. In the present complex business environment, team leaders often deal with scarcity of resources. Therefore, delegation skill of team leader is required for creating maximum impact for the organization. Furthermore, it also help team leader to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each employee that also create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the team. Constitution: Many studies have highlighted the fact that an effective team leader needs to have a level-headed constitution[34]. It allows an effective team leader to remain positive in difficult situation and also help not to get rattled in tough situations. Thus, constitution skill is necessary, as it influence all the team members to remain positive in difficult situation, which eventually will create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the team. It also highlights the ability of team leader for analysing a particular situation and make strong decisions for the fulfilment of the organizational objectives. Energy: Energy or enthusiasm is another prime characteristic that an effective team leader needs to possess. It helps a particular team leader to become the prime source of positive energy that eventually helps to develop healthy work environment[35]. It has been assessed that the development of positive energy requires realistic expectation from the management of the organization. Therefore, effective team leader needs to identify specific targets for the employees that can able to influence them to give their best at the workplace. Furthermore, enthusiastic skill of team leader will also help to create healthy work environment, where employees can lead their professional life in an appropriate manner. Confidence: Team leader has to deal with both executive and senior level employees regarding the fulfilment of the provided organizational responsibilities. Therefore, it is necessary for an effective team leader to have self-confidence, as it will allow dealing with critical organizational situation in an appropriate manner[36]. Furthermore, self-confidence will allow team leaders to highlight any issue in the operational process in front of management in an appropriate manner. It also will allow team leader to provide proper justification regarding any issue in the operational process, which will create positive impact on the overall operational process of the organization. Negotiation: An effective team leader also needs to have negotiation skills, as it will help to solve many critical situations in an appropriate manner. It will also help team leaders to handle any conflicts within the team members in an appropriate manner[37]. Furthermore, it also helps to increase the effectiveness of the decision-making process for an effective team, which eventually helps to fulfil all the organizational objectives. References: Armstrong, Gary, Philip Kotler, Michael Harker, and Ross Brennan.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Prentice-Hall, London, 2012. Artto, K. A., and K. Kahkonen.Managing risks in projects. Routledge, 2013. Baggetta, Matthew, Hahrie Han, and Kenneth T. Andrews. "Leading Associations How Individual Characteristics and Team Dynamics Generate Committed Leaders."American sociological review78, no. 4 (2013): 544-573. Berthon, Pierre R., Leyland F. Pitt, Kirk Plangger, and Daniel Shapiro. "Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy."Business horizons55, no. 3 (2012): 261-271. Bradley, Bret H., Bennett E. Postlethwaite, Anthony C. Klotz, Maria R. Hamdani, and Kenneth G. Brown. 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Quality of Supervision

Executive Summary Frontline employees are constantly in touch with clients. The frontline employees are very significant in the creation of a great customer experience. There is a need for a research to be carried out to find out how the quality of supervision the frontline employees are subjected to affects the quality of services they offer.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Quality of Supervision specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature review has shown that the supervision is very necessary if the front line employees are to offer quality services. It has been shown that supervising helps to equip the frontline employees by identifying their areas of weakness which require being built on. Quality supervision encompasses many aspects that are quite beneficial to the frontline employees and which a positive impact on the quality of the services they will provide to the clients. Rationale for the study Glo balization has enhanced competition in various sectors of economy around the world. The hospitality industry is one of such sectors which have been heavily affected by the competition brought about by globalization. Due to the increased competition it has become imperative for business organizations, both in the hospitality industry and elsewhere, to offer high quality goods and services. It has come to the realization of the management in various sectors of the economy particularly those in the service industry that it takes more than premium quality of services and goods to satisfy the clients. In the hospitality industry the art of offering goods in a special manner is not new; actually this is the concept behind internal marketing popularized by services industries such as banks and hotels. Internal marketing involves proper handling of the employees by the management through various ways with an aim of expecting the employees to reciprocate back in turn by treating the clients well.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that as much as quality goods and services can be offered by an organization, there is a need for services to be provided in a quality way. This becomes very practical when the case is a hospitality industry. Offering of services in a great way often creates what is commonly referred to as great customer experience. Creating a great customer experience is one of the factors that hotel management anywhere strives to create. Most of the service industries create great customer experiences by utilizing the service of the frontline staff well. It must be appreciated that by default the clients interact most often with the frontline employees. It is therefore evident that the image that will be left in the mind of the customers will that presented by the frontline staff employees. It will therefore make a lot of sense for the management to heavily invest in the frontline staff. Investing in the frontline staff may take the form of training and even ensuring that the kind of supervision offered is of high quality. Having outlined the rational of the study we can briefly examine the management problem. Overview of the Management Problem Tourism is a key industry in Mauritius. The tourism industry in this island can be described as booming and consequently the hospitality industry is also on the rise. The hotels located in this island have been ranked among the world’s top hotels. The island being a tourist destination must ensure that the services offered by its hospitality industry are of high quality. It is important that the quality of the services offered by the hospitality industry is highly maintained to entertain the tourist who frequent the island and also probably to act as attraction for international events. One of the ways of enhancing service quality, as pointed out above, is through e nsuring that the services offered by the frontline employees is excellent. A fall in the quality of service offered by the frontline employees will definitely and drastically reduce the image of the hotels and other hospitality centers in this island. Of late there have been concerns over the quality of the services offered by the frontline employees. One of the ways to rectify this is by ensuring that the quality of supervision that the frontline employees are subjected to is improved. In order to ascertain this, a study will be carried out on some five resorts whose ranking ranges from three to five. Having identified the management problem, we embark next to find out the purpose of this research. Purpose of the Research In respect to the above discussion, this research proposal intend s to find out the if there is any correlation between the quality of supervision offered to the front line employees and the quality of services that they offer. This research is intended to expose any potential that may exist in form of raising the quality of supervision offered to the frontline employees.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Quality of Supervision specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is expected that by ensuring that the quality of supervision is of high quality, the services that the frontline staff offers will equally be upgraded. This sequence is expected to make the image of the overall company where the customer is being served great hence creating a great customer experience. This proposal is expected to present useful information by using a case study on the effect of quality supervision on the frontline staff in the hospitality industry. By taking a real life case study the research is expected to reveal vital information on the creation of great customer experience through the use of frontline employees when they are subjected to quality supervision. In order to carry out a resea rch on the aspect of impact of quality supervision on the quality of the services provided by the frontline staff, an appropriate research question was formulated. Research Question The research question which will be adopted for a research to be carried out is: what is the relationship between quality of supervision and the quality of performance of frontline employees in hospitality industry? This research question was formulated because, as argued above, the frontline employees, due to the fact that they most interact with the clients, they are largely responsible for creating a customer experience. It is therefore assumed that the kind of influence behind the frontline employees will be hugely responsible for creating a customer experience: supervision is one of such influences. The status of the case study subject was taken into account when the research question was being formulated. The research is expected to be carried out on five resorts whose ranking range from three to f ive stars. An assumption is made that the resorts with such rankings will probably have high quality goods and services and therefore the need to examine the way these services and goods are offered. Literature review Supervision plays a very vital role in determining employee performance in any sector. It is magnified when it comes to employees in the service industry especially frontline employees because they are usually in constant contact with customers. Supervision is usually seen as a form of parenting whereby senior managers are required to parent individuals according to their abilities in a specific area.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supervision ensures that there is continuity and consistency in service given by those responsible for delivering specific service. Different authors have agreed that supervision involves training and guiding individuals to enable them realize their full potential in whatever they do. Many coaching theories suggest that every supervisor should be conversant with the service provided by those he supervises so that he can build the relevant work relationship with employees. This is why it is important for supervisors to foster trust, respect, and collegiality, attributes that enhance employee interactions in their respective areas of specialization. Supervision therefore, requires that both the supervised and the supervisor engage in a number of tasks in order to satisfy the needs of their customers. There are a number of ways through which quality of supervision affects the performance of frontline employees in the service industry. These are explored below, Quality of supervision ca n support employee service It is said that for any business to succeed, it must create a work environment that is positive and based on trust, exceptionality of service, collaboration, excellence in tasks, and creativity. However, to achieve these, it must ensure that the needs of those who represent the most important asset, customers, are made. These people are the employees. As already, mentioned, supervision involves training, coaching and guiding staff members so that they can perform to their full potential. An effective supervisor will notice the failings in his or her employees and therefore, recommend the required skills that they should train in to achieve productive potential. In the hospitality industry, employees are trained on how to deal with customers so that they can gain their trust. In doing this, they will be aiding in building customer loyalty. When supervisors guide their staff members in their performance of the required duties, they make employees feel part o f the company, feel wanted and are therefore motivated to work hard in ensuring customer satisfaction and therefore reap maximum returns for the organization. Training does not only bring about motivation, it also initiates creativity, and commitment in the employees so that they can move the organization to greater heights in terms of profitability (Wagen Davies, 1998, p. 90). When employees are involved in training, they feel empowered to work hard and provide quality services. Good supervision will enable management realize or recognize the potential in each of their employees. This helps management in providing the necessary tools and powers needed to enable them improve their performance consistently. It is said that in the business world, it is the human resource that differentiates one business enterprise from the other, but not what they produce. Therefore supervision helps to reveal weaknesses in employees and thus take quick remedial actions. Basing on these, one can ther efore, train, coach or guide employees into doing the right thing. Supervision goes hand in hand with feedback. Managers should therefore, give feedback to their employees as this also acts as a motivational tool for better service delivery. Feedback however, should be specific as this tends to be more positive than a general feedback (Wagen Davies, 1998, p. 90). Employees are human and they are bound to make mistakes, this means that once in a while, managers need to correct employee performance. Corrections require that mangers give employees feedback and explanation that is specific to what is needed to correct the problem. Supervision therefore, contributes a lot in supporting the quality of service that employees offer to customers. Giving feedback to frontline employees in the service industry can be as simple as telling them to smile to customers when attending to their needs to give them the impression that one has given full attention to their problem. A feedback should al ways be followed with an explanation of the required response. Frontline employees usually fail because most of them do not have adequate training. This is why it is important that through supervision, they are provided with coaching and encouragement. Good supervisors can do this by demonstrations so that staff uses them as their role models (Wagen Davies, 1998, p. 90). Many people who seek for employment look for jobs that will offer them support, training, and other opportunities that develop them into individuals who can take responsibility for tasks done. Many of the businesses in the services industry fail to recognize this desire in their employees and that is why they experience low customers turnovers. It has been mentioned above that businesses need to train, develop, involve and empower their employees so that they attain the competency they require in delivering services to customers. Many of the employees believe that this can only be achieved through skilled supervisi on from their managers. This is why it is important for supervisors to have knowledge in the particular area of supervision. Employees who feel that they are being supported, guided, coached or trained by skilled supervisors tend to be satisfied with their jobs because they believe that they are not just working to earn the cash, but they are being developed holistically. Quality supervision supports employee service, therefore, it enhances employee satisfaction (David, 2008, p. 1). From above, it is clear that supervision can act as a very crucial pillar in the provision of services by employees. In hospitality industry, service quality is very important. Delivery of service in the hospitality industry by frontline employees involves personal contact. This means that the effectiveness of employee management determines the quality of service provided to customers. Service quality in the hospitality industry spells out the nature of customer-employee interaction when delivering the s ervice. In business, competitive advantage is created by the quality of service created. This means that businesses that do not strive to improve their service quality will lose their customers. Services can be imitated; however, an employee cannot be easily imitated or copied. Untrained employees will deliver poor services, but those who are trained through supervision offer quality service to customers. As already mentioned, supervision enables managers to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their employees. Building on these strengths through training and coaching them in areas where they are weak and following these with continuous supervision will mould them into competent employees who will provide quality service to customers (Yang Fu, n.d., p. 219). Services are very unique from goods, because of this, employees form part of the service and the brand of the company. Research has shown that employee satisfaction brings about customer satisfaction, which translates to pr ofits and growth of an organization. The attitudes of frontline employees in the hospitality industry, influences greatly the attitudes of customers. Many call this â€Å"the spillover effect†, whereby, when employees take supervision positively, this feeling radiates into the way they perform their duties. Customers on the other hand, will absorb these radiations and end up as satisfied users of the services provided. This therefore, is reason enough to show that quality supervision supports customer services by making them feel motivated and therefore satisfied with their respective jobs (Sun Shi, 2009, 2009, p. 16). Quality of supervision as an obstacle to supervision Supervision is one way of managing staff performance and therefore should encompass consulting with those who are supervised. A manager supervising the work of his employees should involve them in laying down the procedures and performance standards. This will ensure that no one makes any assumptions and the refore, only the required service standard will be achieved. For instance, managers can lay down the procedures to be followed in receiving customers and showing them to their respective rooms. This will spell out the performance level that should be met. Consistent supervision by managers will make employees feel that they are being treated equally and fairly. However, if supervision is carried out inconsistently and in a disorganized way, then this can create anxiety and leave employees unsettled and their deliver poor service to customers. This is why it is important that managers supervise their employees and give them guidance and advice where necessary (Wagen Davies, 1998, p. 92). Many managers have a tendency of paying attention or are only concerned with those employers who are regarded as poor performers. They therefore, dedicate all their supervision on them in the hope that they are helping the situation. This however, creates another problem, whereby, the good performer s will start feeling abandoned or neglected. Supervisions of this type create frustration because good performing employees will feel that their manager is acknowledging their contributions. Research has shown that many employees feel encouraged by simply being noticed by their seniors. Another undoing of supervision is in situations whereby supervisors can blame employees for failures that are out of their control. In the hospitality industry, there are many factors that can contribute to poor performance. Take for instance, unexpected delays in flights or even accidents, good managers should acknowledge these. On most occasions, this is not the case; managers tend to blame it on their employees. Such blames are known attribution errors whereby supervisors attribute a lapse in performance to a lack of effort on the part of employees when it is clearly that poor performance was due to unavoidable circumstances. These are the issues that sometimes make supervision hinder quality of s ervice given because they kill employee morale their by reducing their productivity levels (Wagen Davies, 1998. p. 92). We have seen that supervision is a very important part of an organization. This means therefore, that the supervisor is a very vital component of the management team. Supervisors act as a bond or a link between employees and the general manager, this means that the he is depended on by the organization in ensuring that employees carry out their duties well to satisfy the needs of customers. A good supervisor therefore, should work in line with the standards of management, which are â€Å"planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling† (McIntosh, 1974, p. 1). Good and effective supervision will ensure that employees give their maximum contribution to the duties performed. However poor supervision can bring about the downfall of company because it will kill employee moral to work and therefore, will lead to poor service delivery, which can lead to the even tual loss in customers. When carrying out supervision most of the managers assume that all their employees are the same, they fail to appreciate the fact that people are different. The hospitality industry is very involving and wide. It there consists of employees who may be satisfied by their jobs and therefore, will appreciate the type of supervision given. While there other employees who may not be satisfied with their jobs but only work for the cash. In such a situation what may be regarded as motivation by one employee may not be seen as such by another. This may be due to poor supervision, and as humans, employees will avoid doing work whenever there is no supervisor in sight. This will then translate into poor quality of services provided to customers. Organizations in such situations are usually forced to come up with better systems of supervision. Some go to the extent of hiring supervisory services from outside their organizations. This leads into management narrowing the supervision span just to ensure that every employee aspect is under watch. Tight supervision like this one limits employee discretion and curtails their creativity that may help the company. Also employees under tight supervision will not get the job satisfaction that most employees yearn for when searching for employment. This therefore, suggests that poor quality of employee supervision will serve an obstacle to employee service. This in turn will lead to a lack of employee satisfaction in their job. If employees are not satisfied with their jobs, then they will produce poor quality services to customers (Theory X and Theory Y, 2011, p. 1). This literature review has shown that the quality of supervision can support or hinder the services given by employees. By employing an effective supervisory system that will ensure that front line employees in service industry are trained, coached, guided, and advised in their performances of services to satisfy customer needs, quality of serv ice provided will improve tremendously. If supervision places in mind the needs of its employees, then it will work in consultation with them in coming up with work related procedures to guide how tasks are to be accomplished. This will ensure that there is effective supervision, which will in turn increase employee job satisfaction. When employees are satisfied, this will exhibit in their motivation to work to their maximum. Good supervisors are those who listen to their employees and give then feedback and explanation on the right way to be taken. Poor quality supervision on the other hand may act as an obstacle to the services given. Workers who are not supervised effectively may not have the morale to work to their expectations and as such, will not achieve job satisfaction that can give them the morale to work hard. This will then translate into poor quality service given. Methodology Research Method With the aim of examining how quality of services offered by the frontline emp loyees in Mauritius is affected by supervision, this study will be carried out in Mauritius on some five resorts. The research will be undertaken in three phases: hypotheses formulation (already carried out above), carrying out of interviews and making use of questionnaires. It is significant that proper research methods are used to ensure comprehensive information will be captured in the course of carrying out the research. Data Collection In general, data collection methods can be classified into primary and secondary methods. For this study both the primary and secondary means will be used to collect data. In carrying out the research, emphasis will be placed on collecting data as this is likely to give a more relevant indication of how the services that the front staff employees offer are affected by the supervision. Primary Data As indicated above, primary data is very vital for validity of a research. Primary data gives the true picture of what happens at the ground hence nece ssitates drawing of relevant of conclusions. Although the research findings for this study is likely to be used in many geographical regions, this study will be focused on Mauritius and in particular on some five resorts which have already been identified above. In carrying out this research, two methods will be employed in the collections of primary data: interviews and questionnaires. The Interview Method It is anticipated that the use of interviews will yield very significant information which will go a long way to answer the research questions. There will be a need to use this tool professionally in order to yield sufficient information on the research question. Appropriate use of interviews as a form of data collection will include: asking the correct and relevant questions; using diplomacy to ask ‘hard’ questions; sensing when a person being interviewed is feeling uneasy about a questions and consequently restricting the question to make it easy for him/her to ans wer it. Due to availability of interviewees which might not be guaranteed, the research will have provisions for both face to face and telephone interviewees. There will be three categories of people to be interviewed: a representation of the frontline staff, some of the supervisors and some senior management personnel. The questionnaire method Questionnaires are anticipated to be quite helpful in the course of carrying out this research. The questionnaires are expected to be very hand especially for those who might be shy or for some other reason not will to face interviews. The questions will be kept anonymous to enhance frank airing of views without any fear of being pointed out by any person. Some of the questionnaires will be mailed to those who will answer them while some will be presented to the individual members in person. A cover sheet will be prepared which will be sent along with the questionnaire to enable the interviewee understand what is required of him/her. The use of interviews and questionnaires will largely help to collect information from the ground which will be expected to give some green light on the research question. Secondary Data Secondary data has been used above in the literature review section. Use of secondary data is very significant as it makes it possible to adequately prepare well for the research. By going through the secondary information on the research topic one gets to understand the task ahead and what is awaiting and thus makes the appropriate arrangements. Through the secondary information, it becomes possible for the formulation of the research questions, the hypotheses, and even coming up with expected challenges and limits. Collection of secondary was carried out by using Google with an intentional move being made to pick the most credible and current sources in order to give the most relevant and appropriate information about the topic. Limitation and Ethical Considerations There are limitations which are likely to occur when this research will be carried out. Corrective measures will be taken as explained below in order to ensure that the data collected is reliable. The first limitation which can be easily pointed out is the focus of the study. The study will be carried out on only five resorts. The five resorts are however highly ranked and it is hoped that they will represent the whole of the hospitality industry. Another limitation may be the use of the questionnaires. Since the study is expected to cover all the frontline employees, it will be expected that at some point the researchers will come in contact with some of the employees who are engaged in tasks which require little or no skills and probably it is expected that such employees may find it hard to go through the questionnaires. In such a case, the researchers will be required to carry out interviews with such employees and consequently collect their views. The highest standards of research ethics will be observed when this r esearch will be carried out. The data collected will be only used for the purpose of studies. Collections of primary data will be carried out through coding to enhance privacy. Permission from the relevant authorities will be sought to ensure that the study takes place without any confusion. Planning It is expected that a lot of time will likely be spent moving around in the course of carrying out the research. To ensure that time will be spent wisely and that no activity will be sidelined due to insufficient time allocation. The following Gant chart will be used in carrying out the research-there are likelihood of some adjustments being made on the chart to make it more convenient and inclusive of any relevant activities that may come up. References David, A. (2008) Generation Y as hospitality employees: framing a research agenda. Web. McIntosh, R. (1974) Employee Motivation and Work Incentives in the Service Industries. Web. Sun, A Shi, B. (2009) Employee Satisfaction vs. Servic e Performance-A Chinese hotel’s perspective. Web. Theory X and Theory Y. (2011) Theory X and Theory Y. Web. Wagen, A Davies, G. (1998) Supervision and leadership in tourism and hospitality. New York, NY: Cengage Learning EMEA. This coursework on Quality of Supervision was written and submitted by user Madilynn Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Psychology - Stress essays

Psychology - Stress essays For my assignment I decided to write about stress. This is a subject, that as a first-year, mature student with a family, I felt was quite applicable. I intend to look at a period in December 2000 rather that reflecting upon the last nine months, although the whole of the nine months has been stressful. I thought long and hard what is stressing me out? The answer was easy; everything is stressing me out. I read several articles about stress, looking at leaflets, module handouts, textbooks and Internet articles. I decided, that to enable me to cope with my stress, I had to look at the taxonomy of stress. Firstly, what is stress? Stress can mean many things to different people. Some may define stress in terms of pressure, tension, unpleasant external forces or emotional response. Lazarus and Launier (1978) defined stress as a transaction between people and the environment. Within this definition, stress involves an interaction between the stressor and distress. Stressor can be defined as the external environment and the response to this stressor is described as distress. Some people appear to be more strongly affected by stressors than other people or may be affected more on one occasion than another. The reason for this appears to lie in mediating factors, factors that influence the transaction between people and their environments. Stress is therefore not a specific event, it is a process in which the intensity of stress responses depends on how stressors are mediated by factors such as the way people think about them and the skills and resources they have to cope with them. Through quite extensive reading, I identified with a particular stress model Cannons fight of flight model (1932). This model was developed by Cannon in 1932, which suggested that external threats elicited the fight or flight responses. Within Cannons model, stress was defined as a response to external stressors...

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Dissertation

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Practice - Dissertation Example The study adopted a qualitative approach and this study was based purely on secondary data. Secondary data was obtained through different sources which helped in triangulating the data and in conducting the analysis. The study finds that CSR has a major role in enhancing corporate performance which stretches beyond financial performance. Corporations, by addressing their duties towards all the stakeholders, fulfill their legal responsibilities and duties as corporate citizens. ASDA too has been able to achieve this because of its CSR strategy which is sustainable. They have integrated and embedded CSR into their overall business right and it is not implemented for the purpose of public relations or with selfish motives. CSR plays a critical role in bringing continuous improvement in Asda’s market performance. ASDA has been able to bring change in its organizational practices, change in managerial attitude which has helped them demonstrate their readiness to respond to the chan ging business environment. ASDA does have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions, but these do not impact the quality of contribution to the society and the planet. The study concluded by highlighting the limitations of the study and by making recommendations for further study on the subject. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the Study 3 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Definitions 6 2.2 Advantages of CSR and Corporate Citizenship 11 2.3 CSR in Retail Sector in Europe 12 2.4 CSR in Food Retail 13 2.5 Stakeholders’ Theory 14 2.6 Corporate Ethics 15 2.7 Sustainability 16 2.8 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy 17 3.2 Research Phenomenon 17 3.3 Research Design 17 3.4 Choice of Method 18 3.5 Research Approach 18 3.6 Data Collection 19 3.7 Justification for Literature Review 19 3.8 Justi fication for Secondary Research 20 3.9 Sources of Secondary Data 21 3.10 Data Analysis 22 3.11 Reliability & Validity 23 3.12 Ethical Concerns 23 Chapter IV Findings & Discussions 4.1 Findings 24 4.2 Discussion 31 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Limitations of the Study 39 5.3 Recommendations for further study 40 5.4 Reflective Thinking 40 References 41 Figure 2.1 Carroll's Pyramid 9 Table 2.1 The Grid of Corporate Citizenship Values 9 Figure 2.1 The ‘Rationale Triangle’ 10 Table 2.2 CSR initiatives by large Corporations 13 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Companies are individual legal entities and hence can be considered to be corporate citizens with legal rights and duties (Marsden and Andriof, 1998). Citizenship entails active commitment and responsibility. It means to make a difference in the society, in the community or the world in which one lives. Good corporate citizenship, therefore, requires understanding and managing the o rganization’s influences on and relationship with the rest of the society so as to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts. Organizations hence need to have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions. Mounting pressure from people, individuals and groups have urged businesses to be economically, environmentally and socially sustainable, to be transparent in their dealings and to be ethical and more equitable (Batten and Brich, 2005). Corporate citizenshi

The strange case of dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde Essay

The strange case of dr. Jekyll and mr. Hyde - Essay Example Dr.Jekyll – the main character in the story - says â€Å"With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and the intellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth, by whose partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that man is not truly one, but truly two†¦It was on the moral side, and in my own person, that I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both† (Stevenson, p.82) All his life Dr.Jekyll was trying to be good, to suppress the evil side of his personality. But his curiosity and his desire to try the other life, to see what pleasures it can bring, moved him to the experiment of dividing himself into two different personalities. In the body of Mr.Hyde Dr.Jekyll was able to free his desires that were not virtuous, to give in to th e life’s temptations. It was an interesting game at first, while he could still decide when to be Jekyll and when to be Hyde, but then it turned into a tragedy, when his evil self started to dominate, until it was almost impossible to become Dr.Jekyll again, and led to the death of this character. Stevenson examined the theme of human pride and human’s inability to foresee the consequences of his actions.

Proselytism, Conversion and the Freedom to Change Religion

Proselytism, Conversion and the Freedom to Change Religion A Critical Analysis Abstract This dissertation seeks to critique the extent to which Article 9 of the ECHR upholds an individuals â€Å"freedom to change his religion and belief†. It is respectfully submitted that the landmark decisions of the European court have provided inconsistent guidance with respect to the issues surrounding proselytism, conversion and the freedom to change ones religion; consequently, this will have significant implications on interreligious dialogue and the protections on the rights of adherents of new religious movements, minority religions, and religious converts. This paper proposes that the ECtHR jurisprudence ought to consider the theoretical perspectives advanced by Stahnke, Danchin, and Taylor to strengthen the protections of ones freedom to change their religion, underscoring that a careful consideration of these theoretical approaches may provide a positive contribution to protecting the freedom of religion more generally. Introduction Chapter 1: Issues surrounding proselytism, conversion and the Freedom of Religion 1.1: Introduction Stahnke highlights that the development of international principles governing the issues surrounding proselytism ‘is no easy task, especially in consideration of the varied state approaches to proselytism.[1] After reflecting upon the Strasbourg jurisprudence in relation to the complicated issues arising from cases relating to proselytism, an individuals right to change his or her religion, and the freedom of religion espoused by Article 9,[2] this paper asserts that Stahnkes statement is not only true in the global context, but is particularly acute in the European context as well. In this connection, it is evident that that the issues relating to proselytism pose pragmatic difficulties for jurists because it requires them to adjudicate between competing and conflicting rights claims.[3] As Malcolm Evans highlights, â€Å"how can the fundamental right of one individual to the freedom of thought, conscience and religion be reconciled with the fundamental right to another to th e same freedom, when the very possession of those beliefs might require a believer to present his views to others?†[4] In other words, the court has to determine, as Witte has concisely stated, â€Å"Whose rites get rights?†[5] This paper begins its analysis by suggesting that the protections of an individuals right to change his or her religion as well as its corresponding links with proselytism is further complicated by the theoretical disagreements concerning the legal definitions of religion, and the freedom of religion. For example, Carolyn Evans notes that even if a collection of states agree to be bound by an international agreement adhering to a general principle protecting the freedom of religion, it is possible that the states conceptual understanding over the rights and values at stake may differ significantly.[6] She further contends that the subsequent interpretations of Article 9 in the European court mirror the aforementioned problem. Similarly, the complexity of human rights issues relating to religion contribute to the challenges of formulating an overarching framework of adjudication since religion is inextricably linked with nationalistic and political participation, particular family his tories and cultures, spiritual and philosophical sentiments, and differing conceptions of morality.[7] 1.2: Religion and the difficulties of definition According to Gunn, a judge sitting on the European Court and their particularly personal definitions of ‘religion plays a considerable role in shaping that judges interpretations of Article 9 under the European Convention and how cases ought to be decided.[8] For example, judicial conceptions of religion may have significant practical implications on applicants seeking to determine whether or not a new religious movement or minority religion receives tax exemption status, or whether a persecuted religious asylum seeker is able to claim refugee status.[9] As we will soon discover, a judges conception of religion is likely to influence his/her decisions in cases involving proselytism and conversion.[10] However, this is complicated by the fact that the actual definition of religion under Article 9 does not exist since the issues of definition have been fraught with controversy since the drafting of the United Nations International Instruments, on which Article 9 is based.[11] Gunn astutely observes that there are underlying methodological difficulties concerning the natural definition of religion which necessarily involve assumptions concerning the nature of a religion—i.e., religions metaphysical nature and/or theological conceptions of religion, the psychological experience of adherents, and the socio-cultural impact of religion—and whether or not there are features that all religions share in common—i.e., does a religion have to possess a theistic element, or would a polytheistic, atheistic, or non-theistic conception of religion suffice?[12] Carolyn Evans highlights that although the European Court and Commission have adopted a broad, generous and liberal approach to defining religion, it is important to note that the courts have ruled that a religion ought to attain a sufficient degree of â€Å"cogency, seriousness, cohesion, and importance† to justify protection under Article 9.[13] Consequently, as Evan notes, vague conc eptions of religion are beyond the scope of the protections under Article 9. However, she also suggests that although there may be a genuine sincerity of an applicants beliefs, the requirement that an applicants belief possess a level of sufficient coherence â€Å"has the potential to exclude some more individualistic and personal beliefs†.[14] In this connection, it has been argued that legal definitions must also consider a range of other factors such as (a) ‘protecting freedom of religion, or (b) ‘prohibiting discrimination of religion—tasks that are difficult to adjudicate because of the range of different opinions as to what exactly constitutes the nature of religion, and what specific manifestations of religion warrant protection.[15] The jurisprudence surrounding freedom of religion cases under Article 9 appear to distinguish between the ‘private boundaries of religion and its inextricable links to the ‘internal adoption of a particular religious belief, with the ‘public boundaries and its corresponding links to ‘external manifestations of religious belief; these concepts are occasionally referred to as the forum internum and forum externum respectively.[16] Evans highlights that the interpretation of Article 9 typically underscores the primacy of the forum internum—that is, â€Å"the private thought, conscience, and religion of the individual†[17] and it is generally asserted that the state is prohibited from interfering with the forum internum.[18] However, it is unclear as to where the line between the ‘private conscience and ‘public expression, or forum internum and forum externum is to be drawn, especially considering that many religions do not necessarily de fine themselves in such dualistic terms.[19] For example, in highlighting the theoretical uncertainty in relation to the scope of the forum internum, Sullivan argues â€Å"many religious doctrines or beliefs dictate standards of social conduct and responsibility, and require believers to act accordingly. For those who follow such precepts of social responsibility, the distinction between religious and political activities may be artificial†.[20] Similarly, Gunn underscores the importance for judges to consider the multifaceted nature of religion in that it not only comprises an applicants ‘belief, but also an applicants ‘identity and ‘way of life.[21] Thus, he argues that â€Å"the adjudicator should seek to understand the religious facets of such cases not from the perspective of a person who might attend religious services a few times a year, but from the perspective of those who have chosen to devote their lives fully to their religion as they understand it†.[22] In other words, a prudential approach from the standpoint of an adjudicator would not merely reduce the definition of religion to the mere domain of the private sphere, but would take account of how an individuals private belief intersects and overlaps with his or her public manifestation of belief. Nowhere is the overlap between an individuals private belief and public manifestation of belief more evident than in the issues surrounding proselytism and conversion—a subject to which we now turn. 1.3: Linkages between, and issues surrounding, proselytism, conversion and the freedom of religion Given that Article 9 aims not only to protect an applicants private conceptions of religion, but also an individuals right to manifest his or her religion subject to certain limitations, Danchin and Stahnke similarly argue that because proclaiming and sharing ones faith is such an important and integral aspect of a host of world religions, it would be logically inconsistent if the attempt to convince another to adopt ones religious belief, experiences and faith was beyond the scope of protections under the freedom to manifest religion.[23] Additionally, it has also been suggested that â€Å"in modern human rights law, the right to change ones religion, in the absence of coercion and as a result of free will is considered a recognised freedom†.[24] Stahnke observes that the issues surrounding proselytism and conversion involve competing rights between the ‘source—that is, the proselytiser, the ‘target—that is, the individual receiving the information, and the role that the state should play in balancing the conflicting and competing rights between ‘source and ‘target.[25] Hence, it is evident that the multifaceted nature of proselytism and conversion present significant challenges for the jurist in reconciling competing claims to the freedom of religion under article 9. Witte concisely summarises the ‘modern problems of proselytism by asking, How does the state balance ones community right to exercise and expand its faith versus another persons or community right to be left alone to its own traditions? How does the state protect the juxtaposed rights claims of majority and minority religions or of foreign and indigenous religions? How does the state craft a general rule to govern multiple theological understandings of conversion or change of religion?[26] Although an analysis of the array of theological perspectives of conversion and the change of religion is beyond the scope of this study,[27] this subject is worth mentioning in order to illuminate the challenges of protecting the freedom of an individuals right to change his or her religion. For example, Witte notes that most Western conceptions of Christianity â€Å"have easy conversion into and out of the faith†, whereas â€Å"most Jews have difficult conversion into and out of the faith†.[28] However, traditional Islamic perspectives prohibit proselytism directed towards Muslims, but encourage Islamic proselytism towards nonbelievers.[29] Although traditional Islamic perspectives on proselytism have significantly influenced state policies restricting proselytism,[30] it is evident that the phenomenon of the pervasive role of religion and its influence on state practices is undoubtedly mirrored in the European context as illustrated by the facts in Kokkinakis v. Gree ce. Chapter 2: Freedom to change religion: The seminal case: Kokkinakis The decisive judgment concerning the protections of religious freedoms as well as the issues surrounding proselytism is illustrated in Kokkinakis v. Greece.[31] Gunn notes that between 1955 and 1993, only 45 of 20,000 applications challenging Article 9 were published by the European Commission, and Kokkinakis was the first case to be considered under Article 9[32] where the court found a member state in violation of the provisions protecting the freedom of religion.[33] 2.1 The facts In 1936 at the age of 17, Mr. Kokkinakis converted from Greek Orthodoxy into the minority Jehovahs Witness religion and was arrested over 60 times, and imprisoned on several occasions for proselytism throughout the course of his life.[34] After exhausting all domestic remedies, Mr. Kokkinakis applied to the European Commission on Human Rights in 1988, who unanimously declared that there had been a violation of Article 9.[35] His case was then submitted to the European court. By a 6-3 majority, the court held that there had been a breach of Mr. Kokkanakis freedom of religion under article 9. 2.2: The reasoning of the court The court reasoned that the â€Å"freedom of thought, conscience and religion† is one of the hallmarks of a pluralistic democratic society—serving not only as a protection for ardent religious believers—but also for â€Å"atheists, agnostics, sceptics and the unconcerned†.[36] In this connection, the court affirmed the right to manifest ones religion encompasses not only public and private expressions of belief, but also â€Å"includes in principle the right to try to convince ones neighbour†.[37] Otherwise, the provision in Article 9 protecting the ‘freedom to change [ones] religion or belief â€Å"would be likely to remain a dead letter†.[38] However, the court issued a caveat, acknowledging that in democratic societies, in which several religions coexist within one and the same population, it may be necessary to place restrictions on this freedom in order to reconcile the interests of the various groups and ensure that everyones beliefs are respected.[39] To sum up the courts ruling, under Article 9(1), sections 31-36 of the judgment highlight that the sentence imposed by the Greek government interfered with Mr. Kokkanakiss right to manifest his religion under Article 9. However, the court then sought to determine whether the restrictions imposed on Mr. Kokkanakis by the Greek government were permissible under Article 9(2) by referring to the three tests of whether the actions were ‘prescribed by law, had a ‘legitimate aim, and whether the actions were ‘necessary in a democratic society. Firstly, in paragraphs 40-41, the court highlighted that the existence of domestic case law prohibiting proselytism fell within the meaning of ‘prescribed by law within ‘Article 9(2) of the convention.[40] Secondly, the courts sought to determine whether the governments ‘measure was in pursuit of a legitimate aim. The courts affirmed the Greek governments arguments that it was obliged to protect â€Å"the peaceful enjoyment of the person freedoms of all those living on its territory†, and therefore, â€Å"the impugned measure was in pursuit of a legitimate aim under Article 9(2), namely the protection of the rights and freedoms of others†.[41] Finally, the court referred to the doctrine of the ‘margin of appreciation—which permits States to â€Å"assess the existence and extent of the necessity of an interferencesubject to European supervision†.[42] To do this, the court distinguished between ‘proper and ‘improper proselytism, highlighting that the former is a reflection of â€Å"true evangelismand the responsibility of every Christian and every church† whereas the latter is a â€Å"corruption or deformation of it†.[43] The court also noted that a coercive expression of proselytism could â€Å"take the form of activities offering material or social advantages with a view to gaining new members for a Church or exerting improper pressure on people in distress or in need; it may even entail the use of violence or brainwashing†[44]. Thus, any coercive expression would be deemed incompatible with the provisions set out in Article 9(2). Consequently, the court held that the Gr eek government failed to demonstrate that Mr. Kokkinakiss proselytising activities were of a coercive nature. Furthermore, the Strasbourg Court highlighted that Mr. Kokkinakiss criminal conviction was unjustified on the grounds of a ‘pressing social need; therefore, Court ruled in favour of Mr. Kokkinakis, citing the measures enacted by the Greek government failed to demonstrate that they were â€Å"proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued† or â€Å"necessary in a democratic societyfor the protection of the rights and freedoms of others†.[45] 2.3: The polarised responses of the judges It is interesting to highlight the polarised responses between some of the judges, as it is clear that particular understandings of religion and proselytism played a decisive role in shaping the judicial opinion in Kokkinakis. On the one hand, it is apparent that Judge Martens analysis prioritised the rights of the proselytiser,[46] where he reasoned that it is not within the province of the State to interfere in this ‘conflict between proselytiser and proselytised. First, because—since respect for human dignity and human freedom implies that the State is bound to accept that in principle everybody is capable of determining his fate in a way that he deems best—there is no justification for the State to use its power ‘to protect the proselytisedSecondly, because even the ‘public order argument cannot justify use of coercive State power in a field where tolerance demands that ‘free argument and debate should be decisive. And thirdly, because under the Convention all religions and beliefs should, as far as the State is concerned, be equal.[47] Judge Martens further argues that the â€Å"State, being bound to strict neutrality in religious matters, lacks the necessary touchstone and therefore should not set itself up as the arbiter for assessing whether particular religious behaviour is ‘proper or ‘improper. [secondly], the rising tide of religious intolerance makes it imperative to keep the States powers in this field within the strictest possible boundaries.[48] In other words, states are under a strict duty to minimise interfering in an individuals freedom to manifest religion as much as possible. Conversely, on the opposite extreme, Judge Valtico gave primacy to the rights of the target by arguing that the recipient of a ‘conversion effort has a right to a peaceful enjoyment of his or her religion, and therefore ought to be protected from unwanted attempts to changing his or her religion: Let us look now at the facts of the case. On the one hand, we have a militant Jehovahs Witness, a hardbitten adept of proselytism, a specialist in conversion, a martyr of the criminal courts whose earlier convictions have served only to harden him in his militancy, and, on the other hand, the ideal victim, a naive woman, the wife of a cantor in the Orthodox Church (if he manages to convert her, what a triumph!). He swoops on her, trumpets that he has good news for her (the play on words is obvious but no doubt to her), manages to get himself let in and, as an experienced commercial traveller and cunning purveyor of a faith he wants to spread, expounds to her his intellectual wares cunningly wrapped up in a mantle of universal peace and radiant happiness. Who, indeed, would not like peace and happiness? But in this the mere exposition of Mr. Kokkinakiss beliefs or is it not rather an attempt to beguile the simple soul of the cantors wife? Does the Convention afford its protection to s uch undertakings? Certainly not.[49] We now turn to the criticisms of Kokkinakis and the subsequent case law and its relationship to proselytism, conversion and the Freedom of Religion. Chapter 3: Criticisms and observations of the case law 3.1 Critique of Judge Martens Judge Valtico Naivety and prejudice in legal reasoning As mentioned in the previous chapter, both judges reasoning reflect extreme positions of adjudication. On the one hand, judge Martens—a judge aligning his perspective with the majority— upheld a strict position of minimal state interference into an individuals freedom to manifest his or her religion by appealing to a principle of ‘strict neutrality whereas judge Valticos dissenting judgement reflected a hostile view of the applicants particular manifestation of religion. It is respectfully submitted that the reasoning of both judges illustrated naivety[50] and prejudice[51] respectively. 3.1.1: Naivety It has been argued Judge Martens position merely reduced the issues surrounding proselytism to the competing rights claims of the personal, autonomous, and individualistic manifestation of the proselytiser with the rights claims of adherents of the majority religion and the majoritys attendant conceptions of the ‘common good.[52] Whilst true that the court had to adjudicate between the competing rights claims of the adherent of a minority religion with the ‘collective good, it is submitted that judge Martens not only overlooked the competing and conflicting individual rights claims of the proselytisers right to share his/her faith with the individual rights claims of the recipient of the attempted proselytism to peacefully enjoy and practice his/her freedom of religion, but also the competing and conflicting conceptions of the common good as well.[53] Moreover, judge Martens also referred to the notion that the state is bound to ‘strict neutrality with respect to â €˜religious matters; however, his contention begs the question of whether there is such a concept of ‘religious neutrality in the first place?[54] 3.1.2: Prejudice: Privileging majority over minority religions Conversely, judge Valticos position has been widely criticised on the grounds that it demonstrates a biased and prejudicial approach consequently privileging the rights of adherents of the established religion over the rights of adherents of minority religions.[55] At one point, judge Valtico even suggested that proselytism amounts to â€Å"rape of the belief of others†[56] but it is apparent that this perspective dismisses the centrality of proselytism to the beliefs of Jehovahs Witnesses and that such beliefs could potentially contribute to the common good.[57] Consequently, it is evident that judge Valticos position demonstrates significant hostility towards the practices of minority religions such as the Jehovahs Witnesses as well as an individuals freedom of religion. By casting a minority religious group in such negative terms, an unsettling consequence nevertheless arises in that religious liberty becomes further threatened, and a public backlash towards such groups could potentially ensue.[58] Moreover, this could have insidious and deleterious effects on interreligious dialogue between adherents of majority religious groups, with adherents of new, minority religious movements aiming to promote a heightened understanding of their novel religious practices, hopes of integrating into the broader socio-cultural milieu, and quest for legitimacy.[59] Additionally, it is contended that judge Valticos view is an affront to the hallmarks of human rights law and its corresponding commitments to non-discrimination and equality.[60] Perhaps judge Valticos position reflects the deference of the European Court to the constitutions, practices and statutes of member states overtly privileging the position of established churches, whilst correspondingly neglecting the impact of such laws on adherents of minority religious groups.[61] Interestingly, there is evidence to suggest that acts of proselytism conducted by adherents of the Greek Orthodox faith have not resulted in arrest, unlike the proselytising actions of religious minorities; consequently, an implicit value in judicial support of the Greek Governments actions is the notion that â€Å"the law is applied in Greece to allow prosecutorial decisions based on an individuals religious status, not his or her actions†.[62] Furthermore, one of the pressing anxieties over the privileged position of the established churches in member states is that such protections create a ‘two-tiered system of religious rights which will continue to afford major mainstr eam churches the full rights, privileges, and immunities that are associated with traditional parameters of religious freedom, while simultaneously denying minority religions and new religious movements both equal legal status for their organizations and equal protection for their adherents.[63] In doing so, this paper submits that the reasoning offered by the European Court potentially inhibits the protections of religious freedom more generally. Furthermore, this paper maintains that judge Valticos perspective could have insidious and deleterious effects not only on the freedom of religion of religious minorities, but also the freedom of religion for adherents of dominant religious faiths as well. For example, some national legislators may claim to be enacting general or ‘neutrally applicable laws, but the outcomes do not necessarily reflect this; rather, they serve as an indicia of a privileged majority restricting the expansion of specific religious minorities, especially in member states where powerful churches aligned with the state can wield formidable political pressure on governments.[64] In this connection, perhaps we can surmise that if a hypothetical faction within a privileged religious group were to dissent from a religious majority powerfully aligned wit h the state, the faction could potentially encounter significant limitations to their religious freedom. Perhaps the astute observations of a revolutionary writing from prison in 1916 underscoring the importance of protecting the freedoms of minority groups would provide some insight to assist the courts adjudication: â€Å"Freedom only for supporters of the government, for members of the party—though they are quite numerous—is no freedom at all. Freedom always means freedom for the dissenters†.[65] Consequently, the Kokkinakis decision has been problematic because the judges seemed to have minimised and dismissed the complexity of the theoretical and substantive issues relating to justified state intervention in cases involving proselytism, and only found an ‘impermissible violation of an individuals freedom of religion when the specific facts arose in the case, rather than attempting to develop broader principles surrounding proselytism when given the opportunity.[66] We now turn to the critiques surrounding the courts adjudication regarding the limitations to religious freedom and permissible scope of state restrictions under article 9(2) of the ECHR. 3.2 Prescribed by law: Implications and the purpose of domestic legislation Although the court accepted that the Greek governments restrictions on proselytism were prescribed by law and had a legitimate aim in Kokkinakis, the Court eventually held that the Greek government failed to demonstrate that the measures were ‘necessary and ‘proportionate in a democratic society. However, a common criticism of the Kokkinakis decision is that the courts failed to develop substantive protections of the rights of religious minorities and unpopular religions to proselytise as well as the concomitant rights of individuals to change their religion. For example, Taylor highlights that the European courts failure to â€Å"impugn Greeces anti-proselytism law† consequently ignored both the purpose of the legislation and the reality that the domestic law was often consistently applied as an instrument of discrimination.[67] Similarly, it is also worthwhile to note that the courts only adjudicated on the particular facts of the case rather than developing broader principles in relation to proselytism and the freedom to change ones religion.[68] In this connection, by merely narrowing its focus on Mr. Kokkinakis conviction, it is evident that the court failed to critique Greeces anti-proselytism measures—measures which have been used as an instrument of disc rimination as evidenced by the frequency of incarceration rates of minority believers.[69] Not only was the bias against unpopular and minority religious groups evident in Kokkinakis, but the reality that the domestic law has been used in a discriminatory fashion has also been reflected in the subsequent case law. For example, in Larissis, a group of Greek Pentecostal air force officers were convicted of proselytising to several of their ‘subordinate fellow servicemen as well as a number of civilians under Greek law. The European court held that the Greek authorities were justified in protecting the rights of the subordinate servicemen and therefore did not find a violation of Article 9 in that particular instance because of the likelihood that the lower ranking airmen could potentially be subjected to ‘improper pressure; however, the European court found that the Greek government could not justify the convictions of the Pentecostal Air Force officers in relation to the attempts of proselytising the civilians since the civilians were not subject to the same con straints and pressures of the lower-ranking airmen, and therefore, in violation of Article 9.[70] The court reasoned, [The] hierarchical structures which are a feature of life in the armed forces may colour every aspect of the relations between military personnel, making it difficult for a subordinate to rebuff the approaches of an individual of superior rank or to withdraw from a conversation initiated by him. Thus, what would in the civilian world be seen as an innocuous exchange of ideas which the recipient is free to accept or reject, may, within the confines of military life, be viewed as a form of harassment or the application of undue pressure in abuse of power.[71] Whilst understandable that the State was justified to intervene in order to protect the rights of the lower-ranking airmen since ‘hierarchical structures of military life could make â€Å"it difficult for a subordinate to rebuff the approaches of an individual of superior rank†,[72] the court avoided considering the question of whether the Greek legislation prohibiting proselytism was in and of itself a violation of Article 9.[73] In this connection, it is evident that the courts failure to address whether the Greek criminalisation of the proselytism law ought to be reformed or abolished appears to demonstrate the European courts tacit approval of systematic state justifications of laws discriminating and negatively impacting the rights of religious minorities[74] and new religious movements seeking to attract converts.[75] In doing so, it appears that the court instituted its own objective assessment of how the laws would discriminate against the rights of religious min orities to proselytise rather than adopting a perspective acknowledging the vantage point of the religious minorities themselves.[76] In other words, the court appears to dismiss the subjective experiences of the religious minorities in question; consequently, the courts â€Å"have shown little regard for the plight of sincere, committed believers whose claims that States actions interfere with their religion or belief are routinely dismissed by institutions prepared to substitute their judgment for the judgment of the believers†.[77] 3.3 Legitimate Aim The court noted that the ‘impugned measures of the Greek government were â€Å"in pursuit of a legitimate aim under Article 9(2)† in protecting â€Å"the rights and freedoms of others†.[78] However, one of the most unsettling features of the courts reasoning in Kokkinakis is its failure to further develop this conclusion.[79] Under Article 9(2), state limitations to the manifestation of belief are only justified â€Å"in the interests of public safety, for the protection of public order, health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others†,[80] but one criticism levelled towards the approach in Kokkinakis is that â€Å"the Court effectively holds that a government satisfies its burden by offering any justification that can be tied, however remotely, to the ‘protection of the rights and freedoms of others†.[81] In other words, a government may sufficiently meet the ‘legitimate aim requirement at its own discretion, irrespective of whether the government arrived at its conclusion in an arbitrary or capricious manner as lo