Principles of Time Management Essay

Time is one of the most difficult resources to manage. You can not take back what is already lost, you can not renew the times that you missed. Moreover, it is one of the measures that all men are created equal because everyone is just given 60 minutes in an hour and 24 hours a day. In our fast paced world where everything seems to run ahead of you and you just have to chase time after time to accomplish things, you need a real good time management. Ecclesiastes chapter 3 in the Bible talks about time for everything. â€Å"There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under heaven,† states in the first verse. This chapter alone teaches or urges people to set a time for everything to better manage time. There are a lot time management principles that we can suggest to a person however, it would be up to the individual to make the principles work. Dr. Jan Yager (1999) outlined seven principles in the book â€Å"The 7 Principles of Creative Time Management.† These include: Being active not reactive, setting goals, prioritizing actions, keeping focus, creating realistic deadlines, doing it NOW and balancing life. The D-O-I-T-N-O-W Principle states the following: Divide and conquer what you have to do. Break big tasks into little tasks and give each part of that task a realistic deadline. Organize your materials, how you will do it. Ignore interruptions that are annoying distractions Take the time to learn how to do things yourself. Now, not tomorrow. Don’t procrastinate. Opportunity is knocking. Take advantage of opportunities. Watch out for time gobblers. Keep track of, and in control of, how much time you spend on the Internet, reading and sending e-mails, watching TV, or talking on the phone. Before you know how to manage your time, you should first know what time is it. It is not telling the time in your watch but knowing the right thing to do at the right and proper time. However, you should also get a sense of time by tracking your watch. You can take control of your whole day if you know what time it is and what you should be doing on those times. Other than you good watch, you should still use other tool. One of which is a planner. Sometimes you can not memorize everything that you need to do in a day or in a week. Sometimes, you can not know if you have already done one job if you do have your list and you may result in doing it again; thus wasting your time. Grab a planner and make you checklist for the day. A planner use wisely will help you keep track your activities and help you evaluate regarding having balance. When you keep track on all your activities, you have a way to evaluate throughout the week and make it better if necessary. If you have the tools above and you still have the problem in managing your time, you need to identify the problem. Do you procrastinate? Do you always entertain interruption and waste your time in unproductive work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time management may be difficult but as the Bible says, make time for everything. Do not focus on how to manage

Geography Synoptic Essay

With reference to examples, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a country affects planning and management in urban areas. The economic development of a country can be defined as the growth of industry, wealth, employment and the level of urbanisation. The planning and management issues that are linked to economic development, are those associated with processes such as urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation of cities. These may include pollution of water, air and noise.Other issues may be the increase in transport and waste, created by people living, travelling through and working in urban areas. These problems need solutions, which often leads to planning and carrying out redevelopment of urban areas. The effects of urbanisation on a city can be seen in Sao Paolo, a newly industrialised country in Brazil where housing improvement schemes are evident. Furthermore we can see issues of planning and management in the UK, a more economically de veloped country, due to increasing re-urbanisation and suburbanisation.Using these 2 counties of different levels of development, I will be able to eventually assess to what extent the level of economic development will affect planning and management of cities. Urbanisation (the movement of people from rural to built-up areas) in Sao Paolo is increasing rapidly. Being the largest city in the southern-hemisphere, with a population density of 21,000km2, it is constantly growing in size. However the rate of increase is slowing, along with the reduced rural-urban migration and natural increase rates.The population of central areas is also decreasing; a pattern that mirrors that of cities in more affluent parts of the world. The city was initially increasing in size because it was a ‘centre of agriculture’, with exports including coffee and cotton. The city continues to develop today as an industrial centre with manufacturing and services. These industries offer reliable emp loyment to people living in rural areas where the main industry of agriculture is unreliable. Another pull factor is its temperate climate in comparison to the tropical low-lands surrounding it.The huge population means that social provisions are of a much higher quality, including education and healthcare. However this movement of people into the city brings its problems, mostly in the variation of quality of life. Although a prosperous city, it does have the highest unemployment rate in Brazil at 5. 3% in August 2012. The contrast between rich and poor is very extreme. A survey of living standards carried out in 2002 revealed that HDI indexes for Sao Paulo varied from the Portuguese national average to Sierra Leone’s (the world’s poorest country. This is reflected by the housing available in the city, from condominiums (luxury housing blocks), to corticos (inner-city dilapidated accommodation) and favelas (illegal slums. ) It was estimated that the sub-standard housi ng occupies 705? of Sao Paolo, and that 605? of population growth in recent years, has gone straight to the favelas. Not only are these areas unsightly and extremely over-populated at 100,000? , absolute poverty is present. The services and infrastructure are inadequate, with little running water, drainage or rubbish collection and many open sewers causing diseases like cholera and dysentery.Many are unemployed and try to find work in the informal section of the economy. The pollution in the city is high, with 255? of Brazil’s vehicles circulating Sao Paolo. However, improvements are being made: air quality is improving with the reduction of sulphur dioxide and lead levels, although ozone and carbon monoxide are still of concern. $1 million is spent each day on rubbish collection and with only 2 landfill sites in 2001, there isn’t enough space for all the rubbish created. However, urbanisation is decreasing and urban regeneration is taking place to improve living condi tions for those already living there.Housing improvement schemes are aiding the regeneration of the city. Favelas have been the main target since 1990, when the city- funded community groups allowed families to renovate their existing homes to include electricity. Despite great publicity only 8000 houses were built, which would on average house 40,000 people (in comparison to the 100,000 living in the favelas. ) Improvements have been attempted since, for example in 2000, when investment was put into Santo Andre. The aim was to alleviate poverty by providing work for entrepreneurs, community healthcare workers and literacy programmes.So although this is an LEDC/RIC, it still faces overpopulation problems; it does seem that the planning and management changes are aiding the over-population problem and improving the overall quality of life. In contrast Notting Hill is in the UK, an economically developed country with an average GDP (ppp) per capita of $35,494 in comparison to $11,719 in Brazil (World Bank 2011). Notting Hil is an area of London, an example of re-urbanisation; when people move into the city centre or inner city due to regeneration.Gentrification is what has happened in Notting Hill, as individuals moved into old housing that was formerly in a state of despair and refurbished and improved it. This changed the composition of the whole neighbourhood, because the affluent newcomers displaced the low-income groups that formerly lived there. Often the new comers work in professional or managerial jobs. A positive outcome of this is that more affluent people have been attracted to the area and therefore their purchasing power is much greater.This means that some house prices now rival those of upmarket Mayfair, but it has meant that the area has become more prosperous. The demand for services to meet the needs of these new-comers has meant new bars and restaurants and services of a higher status. In turn this brings employment to the area for those in d esign, building, decoration etc. Not only is this a hotspot for people such as Stella McCartney, but it is also a popular area for families. There are parks and communal gardens making the area extremely desirable to those who can afford it.The film ‘Notting Hill’ gave the area huge amounts of publicity, despite the fact that gentrification was well established by this time. There are lots of well known and expensive restaurants that line the streets to accommodate the affluent people coming to the area. These include The Westbourne Pub, the Lazy Daisy Cafe and the Goulbourne Road Area. However, there are negative impacts; unfortunately those who lived here before the gentrification are finding it increasingly difficult to either buy houses or afford the living costs of the ones they already own/ rent – the average house price is ? ,320,599. This also means that private rentals are starting to decline, as more and more properties are purchased. Furthermore the fr iction between residents and newcomers can cause crime to increase (seen during the 1976 riots. ) An article in the Daily Telegraph by Ross Clark revealed, â€Å"Parts of Notting Hill are still run-down and prone to crime. ’ However in general it is clear the Notting Hill is a very desirable area for the people who have sufficient income to live there.Transport has also been managed in Notting Hill, and this year (2012) the Metropolitan Police would like to restrict the use of roads in specified ‘safety zones’ by both vehicles and pedestrians which in turn would reduce pollution from cars and overcrowding of people. Also London has the famous congestion charge which has recently been extended to Notting Hill at ? 8 on the day or ? 10 on the day, once again reducing pollution and congestion. Equally this area has a tube station and many bus routes, facilitating travel during the ban of cars, and reducing carbon emissions per person.Waste is also heavily managed i n this area with ‘Monash Waste Transfer and Recycling’ which is managed by the City Council. Not only can people dispose of waste and stop it littering and polluting the water and streets, but it also gives residents a chance to recycle, reducing the amount put into landfill, and reducing the amount of unrenewable resources we use. Equally in the U. K. the opposite is also happening with counter-urbanisation, where people migrate to rural areas, often ‘leap-frogging’ the green belt to get away from the pollution and crime that cities are famous for.This is often families who increase the affluence of an area but unfortunately this means they work in professional or managerial jobs which requires transport links to the city, and services for the whole family within the rural area. For example Crosby in the Isle of Man. The ‘A1’ commuter route has been extended, which although facilitating travel, may also increase congestion and pollution toward s the rural area, which almost defeats the point of ‘clean and peaceful living. In addition modern facilities are in demand from the families; extentions, garages etc. A perfect example being the Eyreton Barn Conversions. However, this would provide work for the construction industry within the village, benefiting the local economy. However, the addiction of all these services, including a refurbished play park and BMX track, although necessary for recreation of young people within the village, are arguably expanding what should be a centre of agriculture.Expansion can also be seen in Ballawattleworth Estate, Peel in the Isle of Man where people are moving from the centre of the city to the outskirts (suburbanisation. ) Once again this has meant the increase in the building of schools. At the Queen Elizabeth II high school a new dining room, classrooms and KS5 learning Centre have been necessary to cater for the increased intake of pupils as more people move to the area. When comparing LEDCs and MDCs it is vital to take into account other, wider issues.For example LEDCs may have more natural disasters and less revenue to deal with them. In Brazil between 1980 and 2010 there were 146 natural disasters and over 4000 people killed; in the UK there have been 67 with only 751 killed. Therefore planning and managing an urban area which is more prone to natural disaster is going to pose far more problems socially, economically, environmentally and politically. Not only is it more difficult, but the country as a whole can’t afford the damage so has to seek aid from other countries.A lot of natural disasters are also weather related, for example the floods in Brazil, due to the tropical climate. Located right next to the equator, it is a perfect target for tropical down-pours as the rising condensation comes straight down again as precipitation. Furthermore pollution is a much larger issue in Sao Paolo due to the favelas with open sewers; in the UK clean d rinking water and plumbing mean that pollution isn’t an issue. Finally, the health issues created in the favelas mean that healthcare is needed for more people than in the U. K.This is economically counter-productive for the city as paying more health-care for residents also means less money available for improvement of the areas that need it. Whereas in the U. K. the NHS means healthcare is free, although diseases such as cholera don’t need treatment as working sewers are something we already have. In conclusion, I think it is true that the level of economic development has an impact on planning and management issues. If a country such as Brazil had more money then they would be able to combat poverty and sanitation by demolishing the favelas.As an MDC we do have the funding to lessen the issues, but in 200 years time Sao Paolo will have developed demographically and moved to stage 4 of the DTM. With a slower increase or stable population they may find regenerating mu ch easier, as there will be less people to cater for. Notting Hill expanded during the 19th and 20th Centuries due to rural to urban migration and by the 1950s slum conditions affected the area and poverty took hold – much like the current state of Sao Paolo. Gentrification and re- urbanisation may occur here too when and if the economy can support it.

Education and its impacts in students learning Essay

The paper is about education and how its impacts enhance students learning. Universal access to education is one of the millennium goals of development. The main observations have been made together with the impacts. There is a brief introduction to what education really is. In addition, the essay further concludes by giving recommendations to what should be done to ensure every person has access to learning facilities both in the developing and undeveloped countries. Introduction Education can be termed as wealth of awareness. It can be picked up by a person and passed from one generation to the next after studying a certain subject or undergoing life lessons. It can be said to be a form of learning. Unfortunately, universal access to education has not been completely attained. A great education begins at home hence the kind of a background a child comes from will have an impact on their education. Observations made on education It has been observed that poverty particularly in developing countries is a major cause for education inequality. Secondly, the importance of education in modern world cannot be taken for granted. For instance, some sectors such as the military previously did not put emphasis on education requirements but currently they have raised minimum education requirements. It has also been observed that most countries are adopting modern technology in their learning institutions. There has been an increase in use of electronic devices such as laptops and I pads. More so, learning has been made easier since one can be educated from home through the e-learning. The observations made can be compared to the education indicators as listed by Aud et. al (2013). Impacts on students learning The Social economic status is based on the parent’s level of learning, their profession, earnings and their position in their social order. Parents with a high social economic status are likely to lay a good background for their children education than those of low status. They can afford to buy their children most of education materials they require such as pens, books and toys for young kids to enhance their early schooling. They are also capable of ensuring that their offspring have access to quality health care. In addition, these parents can access information about the well performing schools and they can also afford to pay the fees. On the other hand, parents with low social economic status usually do not have high levels of education hence their children will not be well prepared at home to start schooling unlike those with high social economic status. Gender in most African countries is still an issue to be looked upon. Boys are always preferred when it comes to access to education especially when resources to take children to school are limited. For instance, even if a girl had a better score than a boy, parents in most of African countries will prefer to take the boy for higher learning. Studies have shown that most of the poorest women in most countries have not even completed their primary school. Poverty is another impact on education. Children from poor households are less likely to perform well in class. These children usually have less participation in class, their level of terminology is low hence unlikely to perform well. Their parents cannot afford good nutrition for their kids and as a result, kids may have nutritional related illnesses and their education is disrupted. Parenting is the process of upbringing children. A child’s parent is commonly their first educator. Parents have roles of ensuring that their children are prepared for school, for example by ensuring that they have sufficient food and good health, this is necessary for a child concentration in class which results to good performance. It is at home that parents mostly emphasis on virtues such as hard work, integrity and commitment. The Society also has an impact on education. Community customs and practices have a great impact on education, which can either be helpful or damaging. For example, communities with traditions that encourage early marriages for girls prevent them from accessing their fundamental right to education. Technology, which is being embraced quite well in most countries, has a great impact on students’ performance. This is majorly for students in higher learning institutions. Students with access internet are able to complete their assignments in time. Most of higher learning institutions have embraced modern technology and they are offering some courses or units online, this is convenient for those students with access to internet because they can take classes at their free time and can also learn at their own pace. Conclusion Social economic status and poverty have the greatest impact on children access to education. Other factors with impact on education are access to technology, parenting, and race among others. These factors may have positive or negative impacts on children access to education. Undesirable effects such as inequality in education can be dealt with by making primary school education free and compulsory. If possible, education at each stage should be made free or affordable to everyone, promoting women education, discouraging child labor and school dropouts. Embracing modern technology improves education quality worldwide. References Aud, S. , Wilkinson-Flicker, S. , Kristapovich, P. , Rathbun, A. , Wang, X. , Zhang, J. , & National Center for Education Statistics, (2013). The Condition of Education 2013. NCES 2013- 037 . National Center For Education Statistics, accessed on 24th May 2013.

I need a reaction peper for an environmental science class of one page Essay

I need a reaction peper for an environmental science class of one page - Essay Example The study of Dr. Hayes on the effects of Atrazine in frogs is a corollary on an accurate prediction of what could happen on humans. He takes on an almost renegade approach as he goes against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and drug companies for the banning of Atrazine. This herbicide which is used for 80 million lbs. a year in the United States, as he has illustrated, was already banned in many other countries. The primary findings that he proposes are the effects of Atrazine on frogs in different ecological areas including creating controlled groups. He concluded that the frogs exposed have increase in hormonal imbalance and chemically castrating frogs same as how other chemicals cause tumors in rats. Male frogs are actually growing eggs in their testes and they are taking a longer time to metamorphose. This is significant because this can also happen to humans as we drink the very same water exposed to Atrazine. It is undeniable that these same effects already exist in o ur system and this has a generational effect. I ardently believe that in the largeer scale of things, â€Å"it is better to err on the side of caution.† To the end of his talk, Prof. Hayes insisted that it is still the people who now have the power to stop this and in this case time is of the essence.

Monopolies in the Media Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monopolies in the Media Buisness - Essay Example (Federal Communications Commission, 2008a) Under the Wireline Competition Burea and the Media Bureau of FCC, the researcher will discuss the regulation in terms of promoting free market competition in different markets of radio, television, wire, satellite and cable radio, TV and Internet. Eventually, the researcher will discuss how monopolies could negatively affect the media businesses in the United States. Prior to the main discussion, the researcher will determine whether Clear Channel is considered as a monopoly or not. The Wireline Competition Bureau is mainly responsible for developing rules and regulation as well as the future goals and objectives with regards to telephone companies that provides an interstate and intrastate telecommunications service to the people with the use of wire-based transmission facilities. (Federal Communications Commission, 2008a) have several choices and opportunity and fairness in the wireline telecommunications services. (Federal Communications Commission, 2008b) Through its implementation of a deregulatory initiatives under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Telecommunicatins Act of 1996, 1996a), the Bureau was able to promote market competition necessary in keeping the infrastructure and services of the local wireline telecommunications efficient and competitive. In line with the promotion of market competition to all telecommunications company, the Bureau could maintain a high economic growth in the local telecommunications industry by increasing the quality of services at a reasonable and affordable market prices. (Telecommunications Act of 1996, 1996b) In the end, the Bureau could easily make the telecommunications services available and accessible in all regions in the U.S. Considering the high-cost of telecommunications infrastructure, FCC encourages new operators or carriers for the telecommunications business by extending a high-cost universal support to qualified

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Research Paper Example All these present the social welfare of different people in the determination of the inequality levels within communities. The impacts of inequalities of all sorts leave life unbearable on the disadvantaged and marginalised. All forms of inequality have a root cause in the social situations within the respective environments. The people in the marginalised communities lack economic incentives in their places of residence to cater for their medical, educational, income and economic disparities. Once a person is deprived of the economic incentives by state or authorities in the same capacity, the person will find it hard to get all the possible assets to reduce the value of life economically. Such situations can be triggered by political reasons, geographical locations of the homes, and race or ethnicity (Rosenblatt 237). The problems linked to inequalities are very severe and detrimental in the lives of persons affected. The major outcomes of inequalities are poverty to the marginalised communities, death due to the diseases related to food shortages or imbalanced diets, lack of finances and economic support to fight away diseases in such marginalised areas of the world. There is also a lack of support to help in the fight against diseases; hence, likely to cause great harm to the people, their social lives, their environments and their entire lifestyles. This concept proves for the need to frequently address the issues and related concerns of inequality in the communities and social settings (Rosenblatt 240). The persistence of problems in societies is linked to the actions and trails of inequalities. The problems are deemed to be the potential results of the inequality issues in the societies (Baumert, Gabriel and Rainer 1354-1359). Discrimination of people based on the social classes, race or ethnic group, age, gender, religion, geographical community of standards of morals in the societies, all leading to the misappropriation of economic benefits are

Nothing in Much Ado About Nothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nothing in Much Ado About Nothing - Essay Example This is why his plays have made it into college classrooms and their popularity has endured through the centuries. He was a master at making almost universal commentaries about human organization and behavior in a way that also served to entertain. It's important to remember, though, that the original context for Shakespeare’s plays was the same context in which plays are performed today. They were originally intended to provide a simple evening's worth of entertainment for the price of a ticket with the hope that the audience would continue to come back for more. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays were written to be performed to an audience from different social classes and of varying levels of intellect. Thus they contain down-to-earth characters who appeal to the working classes, side-by-side with complexities of plot which would satisfy the appetites of the aristocrats among the audience† (Geraghty). One of his more popular romantic comedies is the play Much Ado About Nothing in which the word 'nothing' takes on numerous meanings and has an effect on characters actions throughout the play. The play takes place at the home of Leonato, a nobleman of Messina and centers around the stories of two young couples. The female half of these couples are residents of Leonato's house, his daughter Hero and his niece Beatrice. The action begins with the expected arrival of the prince Don Pedro and his party including the male halves of these romantic couples. Claudio is a young nobleman and Benedick is a clever man who has proven himself valuable. An unwelcome part of the crowd is Don John, Don Pedro's illegitimate brother who expresses all the typical bitterness and resentment expressed in characters placed in this life role. Benedick and Beatrice are already acquainted with each other and quickly resume their years long banter back and forth. As they compete with each other over which one can get the most words in, Claudio and Hero are quietly falling in l ove with each other. They decide to marry with the wedding planned in a week. To help pass the time until the wedding day, Hero and Claudio agree with the others to play a game on Beatrice and Benedick designed to force them to finally admit their love for each other. The trick works, but it isn't the only one in the works. Don John, jealous and anxious to cause trouble, convinces one of his men to make love to Hero's maid Margaret at Hero's window one night. As Borachio is busy doing this, Don John brings Don Pedro and Claudio to the garden outside Hero's window where they believe they are seeing Hero being unfaithful to her betrothed. Naturally filled with rage, Claudio calls off the wedding, but does so in a very humiliating way at the ceremony in front of the gathering. The family, finally convinced she might be telling the truth that it wasn't her, decide to pretend she died of her shock and grief in the hope that the truth would come out. It nearly comes to a fight between Cla udio and almost everyone else until the night watchman hears Borachio talking about what he'd done. Claudio, in his grief and to amend for his error, agrees to marry another one of Hero's cousins. It isn't until they are before the altar that Claudio finally realizes the veiled woman standing with him is really Hero. The play ends with Beatrice and Benedick getting married and everyone joining in a celebratory dance. One of the major motifs that runs through this play, giving it

Management - employee compensation and organization Essay

Management - employee compensation and organization - Essay Example 232). A manager has to create a balance between these two types of rewards so that it recognizes the employee's motivation. The manager shall not choose it for them. Qn.2 What is the relationship between an employee's salary and his or her feeling of worth Explain your rationale from the viewpoints of an employee and a manager. How can managers create a balance between the two Total words: 250 An employee feels that salary fulfills his basic need and also gives him a feeling of higher esteem (Buelens et al., 2006, Pg. 177-179). An employee views salary as compensation to his skill sets, experience etc. Whereas, a manager, if he is responsible for the cost location, feels that salary is a cost on the organisation. A manager has to set out a balance in providing a salary structure which would mirror the worthiness in the minds of the employee, without jeopardizing the interest of the organisation. In reality, compensation is the one which satisfies the needs of an employee, and it is within its boundaries develops the employee's worthiness. Qn.3 What type of compensation component would you like to have through your employer that is not currently offered Explain your rationale.

Wealth And Income Inequality In Uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wealth And Income Inequality In Uk - Essay Example The building of rehabilitation centers and provision of family counseling services in the most affected communities to help change the future of the generations to come. Change is possible if we stand together and fight for it. Enhancement of law protecting the minority, anyone caught employing or abusing a minor will face the wrath of the law. Availability of social grants, like foster care, child support, general relief, disability grant to help those in need, the government should also ensure its availability to the people who need it. The rate of corruption in the sector is not to tolerate at all costs (Yunus 2007). With a responsible government and sound management system, eradicating poverty should not be an alarming issue, income disparities between the rich and the poor will incredibly decrease. More citizens will enter the wealthy bracket, and few or none will be below the poverty line. The society of today and tomorrow should take this subject very seriously because it determines the future of tomorrow. We all need good food, health, education, houses. The list is endless. So we should come together as one and work towards creating a favorable environment for everyone.Society has made it a little difficult for equality to have a chance. The balance and the gap between the rich and the poor continue to grow every day in the UK and around the world. Eradication of poverty and the high poverty levels should be one of the highest priorities of the government for the sake of its citizens.

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answer questions - Assignment Example Primal solution is easier to solve and because of the difficulty of the dual solution, there is a lack of full numerical solutions to the dual problem. Normal or direct utility function treats utility as increasing function of goods or services consumed and decrease in the function of work being performed for it. As opposite to this, in indirect utility function increasing function of non-work income and rate of wage of work done, and decreasing function of prices of goods and services consumed is termed as utility. As the price of chips in Utopia is more than the price in the world, many suppliers will be interested in providing the product in Utopia. With the existing demand and supply situation, it appears that production will mostly be done outside Utopia. Domestic production will be costly and thus not affordable. b) If the senator’s proposal is approved, there will be an increase in supply due to decreased cost, and will be an increase in demand as well. With the increased number of chips coming in market, the price will automatically decrease for the end buyer. The price will be thus down to less than 4. The quantity consumed domestically will increase so will the quantity produced domestically. The subsidy plan will cost the government a lot. It will not be a very profitable venture as all profits made through this economic strategy will be lost to the factor that imports are still allowed and subsidy is not paid on domestic sales. With the high price of chips in Utopia, even with the subsidy, Utopia will not be the cheapest producer to beat competition to the level where despite the imports and no subsidy on domestic sales this step could be profitable. d) The Senator is correct in his objections. Considering the market price and the demand of this product, an increase of $1 tariff on imports would have resulted in the same profit collection with much less hassle. d) The maximum profit equation has been derived through a set of

Reort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reort - Essay Example As for site 4, it is at the south east of the Quarter. It is the gateway to the city center and a linkage between Riverside Business District and other commercial site at the south of it. The development of an integrated multi-functional site should be considered for this site. Option 1 is designed for the purpose of redeveloping the site to a high density and height mixed use area which is mainly used as business and retail sector, meanwhile there is a multi-storey car park and a hall as complementary for the site. Option 2 is designed for the purpose of redeveloping the site as a complementary for the existing residential and business area surrounded. It is designed as a mixed use sector with multi-storey car park as complementary for the site. Option 3 is designed for the purpose of redeveloping the site to a residential area. Meanwhile there is a multi-storey car park and convenience shop area as complementary for the site. There is a 6 floor building at the south end of the site for a landmark purpose. There will be 12-storey main buildings at the south end of the side, built as the landmark for the site.Two storey podiums will be in retail use. Other floors are used for business purpose. (see in final design) Furthermore,financial appraisal of Option 1 shows a relatively-high profit of  £9,291,385, 54.01% at the end. Thus it is possible for Option 1 to change during its final detailed design. So the multi-storey car park alters to underground car parking. This will increase the building cost but will provide a new additional 840 m2 vacant area. This area is going to be designed for open and green space based on the sites original planning guidance. In this case, there will be a basement car parking for 2448 m2 for the site. (residential: 21bays, business:62 bays, restaurant:7bays and hall 12 bays, total:102bays, which 102*24=2448m2) (see in final

Chronicle of a Death Foretold and the Stranger Essay Example for Free

Chronicle of a Death Foretold and the Stranger Essay Conflict Resulting From the Negative Effects of Rigid Societal Expectations in A Chronicle of A Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and The Stranger by Albert Camus Everyone has felt the pressure of societal expectations during their lifetime. The negative effects society brings on one’s life can lead to a feeling of rejection towards the people who do not conform to meet those standards. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and Albert Camus, author of The Stranger, both construct the external moral conflict of society versus the protagonist in order to critique the way society fails to accept the moral values of the people who differ from the norm. In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Garcia Marquez emphasizes the central conflict of society versus the protagonist, based on beliefs and values, through the controversy leading up to the murder of Santiago Nasar, which is based on family honor and pre-marital sex. When Pedro and Pablo Vicario ask their sister, Angela Vicario, who had stolen her virginity, her response is described as â€Å"She only took the time necessary to say the name †¦ and she nailed it to the wall with her well-aimed dart, like a butterfly with no will whose sentence has already been written. ‘Santiago Nasar,’ she said†(47). Describing Angela’s response as â€Å"only took the time necessary† indicates that she is trying to put the blame on Santiago, making him a scapegoat, in order to protect the true man who took her virginity before marriage. In the Latin American society, where the setting of the novella takes place, it is not acceptable for a woman to have pre-marital sex due to the beliefs and morals of Catholics. Santiago is represented as the butterfly â€Å"whose sentence had already been written†. Even though there is no evidence Santiago took Angela’s virginity, it is the twin’s duty to protect their sister. Therefore, Pedro and Pablo Vicario set out to kill the man who had stolen their sister’s virginity, Santiago Nasar, in order to protect their family. The twins tell everyone in town about their plan to murder Santiago, but the people in the community doubt their intentions: â€Å"twenty-two people declared they had heard everything said, and they all coincided in the impression that the only reason the brothers had said it was so that someone would come over to hear them†(51). The people in the town who â€Å"[coincide] in the impression that the only reason the brothers had said it was so that someone would come over to hear them† shows how oblivious the townspeople act owards a societal member’s life. Society looks past at the fact that a murder is about to occur, but focuses on the purpose; family honor, which is highly respected. Since it is unacceptable for a female to have sex before marriage, Santiago is viewed in a negative light by society because he is accused of taking the virginity of an unmarried woman. The debate surrounding Santiago’s death highlights the conflict between society and the protagonist, where Santiago is a man who is accused of committing an act that society does not accept. Albert Camus, in The Stranger, constructs the protagonist, Monsieur Meursault, as a man who has absurdist morals and values, which society does not accept. Meursault has an intimate relationship with Marie Cardona, a former typist, but the connection does not go beyond a physical attraction; â€Å"she wanted to know if I loved her. I answered the same way I had the last time, that it didn’t mean anything but that I probably didn’t love her† (41). By Meursault stating â€Å"it didn’t mean anything† and â€Å"I probably didn’t love her† highlights his absurdist views on life; he believes life contains no purpose, thus he cannot love Marie because loving Marie would give life a purpose, which Meursault does not believe. He simply associates with Marie, because he likes being around her. There is no need for an emotional connection because the physical appearance of her is satisfying enough. Absurdism is not accepted in society therefore it does not accept Meursault. He is an outsider in a world he did not choose. Meursault is a man who does not show his emotions very well, but instead focuses on his physical need; â€Å"I explained to him, however, that my nature was such that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings† (65). Meursault saying â€Å"that my physical needs often got in the way of my feelings† emphasizes the simplistic life he live—a life without meaning. Showing emotions would signify a life with purpose, which Meursault does not believe. The Algerian society, in which the novella takes place, does not accept the type of lifestyle Meursault lives and believes every life should be lived with a purpose. Society’s expectations clash with Meursault’s values because his beliefs and outlooks on life are not accepted by society, which sets up the external conflict between the two. In the external conflict between society and the protagonist, Garcia Marquez emphasizes the negative effects society has on a person who goes against the social norm by showing the biased opinions towards the Pedro and Pablo Vicario regarding Santiago’s murder. After brutally stabbing Santiago to death, the Vicario twins sprint to the church to inform the priest of their barbaric act; â€Å"Both were exhausted from the barbarous work of death, and their clothes and arms were soaked and their faces smeared with sweat and still living blood but the priest recalled the surrender as an act of great dignity†(49). The priest calling the murder â€Å"an act of great dignity† shows how, in the Latin American society, family honor is highly valued, no matter how far it is taken. Even though the twins have committed the worst crime imaginable, it is acceptable because it was done in order to protect their family. Pedro and Pablo Vicario are viewed as meeting expectations, as opposed to Santiago, who fails to follow them. When the crime was brought to court, the twins had already won before it even started; â€Å"The lawyer stood by the thesis of the homicide in legitimate defense of honor, which was upheld by the court in good faith, and the twins declared at the end of the trial that they would have done it again a thousand times over for the same reason† (48). The lawyer stating the homicide as a â€Å"legitimate defense of honor† verifies that society values family honor over a man’s life. The court case represents the conflict of society against Santiago and since he goes against society’s values, Santiago ends up dying, indicating society’s victory. The twins do not receive any severe punishment, because of their intentions to protect their family. Through Santiago’s death, Garcia Marquez stresses the harmful effects society can have on someone whose beliefs differ from societal standards. Camus constructs Meursault’s trial to critique society’s lack of acceptance towards the people who do not meet expectations. Throughout the court case, Meursault is quickly judged by the prosecutor due to his actions concerning his mother’s death, â€Å"He said the truth was that I didn’t have a soul and that nothing human, not one of my moral principles that governs men’s hearts, was within my reach† (101). The prosecutor bluntly stating that Meursault â€Å"didn’t have a soul† and is incapable of having â€Å"moral principles that governs men’s hearts† highlights how society does not understand Meursault’s morals and values, thus critiques his character and neglects him. Meursault is looked down upon because of how he acted on the day of Maman’s funeral. He does not express feelings towards his mother’s death because he is an absurdist and believes death is inevitable. Society believes that there is purpose to every societal member’s life, and since Meursault shares absurdist views, he is not accepted by society. To close his final argument against Meursault, the prosecutor states, â€Å" ‘I ask you for this man’s head†¦never as strongly as today have I felt this painful duty made easier, light, clearer by the certain knowledge of a sacred imperative and by the horror I feel when I look into a man’s face and all I see is a monster. † (102). The whole trial is based around Meursault’s character, and him being called â€Å"a monster† stresses the fact that society is unwilling to accept anyone who does not follow the expectations. Meursault does not share the same views that society wants, and as a result, he is rejected because of his moral values. By asking â€Å"for this m an’s head† the prosecutor shows how society neglects the people who share different views and therefore want them out of society completely. Camus uses the trial and Meursault’s crime to emphasize the external conflict of society versus the protagonist, Meursault, to demonstrate how society does not accept people who share different moral values. The negative effects society has on the people who do not meet expectations are emphasized through the external conflict, based of moral values, between the protagonist and society in the Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and The Stranger by Albert Camus. Both novellas show the harmful consequence faced by the protagonist, who do not conform to societal expectations, which evidently resulted in death.

Safety In Maldives Construction Industry Construction Essay

Safety In Maldives Construction Industry Construction Essay Construction industry is a very unique industry in terms of all aspects and stages compare to other fixed workplace like factories. Most of the actual work is done by using human labor. Construction industry has been considered as a highly hazardous industry because of the high incidence of accidents and fatality rate. To improve the image of the industry, stakeholders should follow an accepted standard guideline of health and Safety (HS) in construction industry. Providing a safe and health workplace is a key to success in business (B.Ahmodn et al, 2006). Accidents and property damage create great impact to stakeholders of the project such as delays in operation and also directly and indirectly incur cost. Therefore, its an obligation of the construction companies to provide a health and safe workplace for their employees and for public. International Labour Organization (ILO) Constitution sets forth the principle that workers should be protected from sickness, disease and injury arising from their employment (ILO.ORG). According to ILO estimates, 55,000 people suffer fatal injuries every year. She also mentioned main cause of fatal injuries in construction in any country is by falling from heights, and this is principally due to the lack of proper edge protection in a variety of construction tasks (Fiona, 2002). This research is based on the health and safety in Maldives construction industry, and will provide an overview about the health and safety in develop and developing country. 1.2 Problem Statement Construction industry is an important sector in Maldives economy. But accidents, injuries, fatalities continue to occur on construction site, generally construction industry have lack of awareness on the importance of health and safety. Health and safety in construction industry is far extensive than a worker wearing a safety helmet and safety shoes at site. Health and safety is a attitude that identifies and reduces job site hazardous throughout the lifecycle of a work project. Major concern need to be deal with is the lack of national regulations outline health and safety obligation at nations construction sites. There are no laws encouraging construction companies to adopt in workplace. Most stakeholders of the industry have overlooked on occupational safety and health (OSH) due to lack of regulation or guideline to follow. Little or no attention is given to health and safety, as stakeholders are not setting aside money to ensure health and safety is being met. Furthermore, most construction project meetings do not address health and safety as an agenda item, which is a further indication of lack of commitment to health and safety. 1.3 Aim of the Research The aim of this research is to describe develop a standard health and safety guide line for Maldives construction industry. 1.4 Research Objectives The objectives of this study are: To identify construction industry health and safety in a developing country and a developed country. To determine the health and safety in Maldives construction industry. To develop a standard guideline for health and safety in Maldives construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Research Scope of the research is based on Maldives capital city Male. The research focuses on the health and safety awareness and current practice of health and safety in Maldives construction companies. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW TO IDENTIFY CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY HEALTH AND SAFETY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND A DEVELOPED COUNTRY. 2.1 Introduction Major sources of the difference of health and safety performance in developing and developed countries are management commitment, supervisory environment, training and competence level (Teo, Haupt Feng 2008:497). A study done in Tanzania, a developing country, suggest that the main reason for the awful situation of health and safety on construction sites are due to the lack of necessary commitment from key stakeholders that include the government. Study also indicated that the government and its agencies have been weak in monitoring and enforcing the laws governing health and safety on construction sites and also lack of human and financial resources has disperse from developed countries (Mwombeki, 2006:426). Research carried out in developing countries that included African countries, such as Egypt, Malawi, Nigeria, Botswana and South Africa revealed that (Cibb Bust, 2006: 65-77): Lack of support from clients on health and safety ideas; Priority on health and safety is not same as developed countries; Health and safety regulations are inadequately enforced by authorities. This chapter will describe an overview of health and safety in Malaysia as a developing country and UK as a developed country. 2.2 Health and Safety in Malaysia Construction Industry In todays modern society, occupational safety and health has become an important subject in terms of financial, ethical and legislative. To survive in the global competitive market, companies are adopting to safeguard occupants health and safety. Most companys strong safety and health programs may actually mean survival. According to 3rd June 2012 Boreno Post online news, Social Security Organization (SOCSO) is targeting five per cent reduction in workplace accidents this year. Branch manager Dundang Undong stated that a total of RM4.3million was made out in compensation claims for 1,497 cases of workplace accidents last year. SOCSO 2003 report on construction industry shows that 4,654 accident cases were reported. The total death cases are 882 from all industries and out of that 92 cases are from construction industry which is 11.56% of total death percentage of the industry. SOSCO report only involves Malaysian workers and not included foreign workers (SOSCO, 2003). A study by Chai G. Mei on An analysis of accidents statistics in Malaysia construction sector tabled a summary of major accidents in Malaysias construction industry as in table 1. The study also mentioned of about rise of accidents in the construction industry occurred every month on year 2997. Table 1: Summary of major accidents in Malaysias construction industry from 2005-2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 1) Tower crane broke into two and fell onto four Indonesian construction workers at a construction site building apartment located at Batu 14, Puchong. 1) Landslide occurred at a construction site located at Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur buried; killed a 35 year old Indonesian man at about 3.30pm while he was working on some iron steel beam foundations for the fiveblock 609 units condominium complexes 1) Death of two workers and severe injuries on ten workers at The Pavillion Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Bukit Bintang construction site where the cables of the workmens lift at the posh condominium and shopping complex project snapped and plummeted 15 metres to the ground. 1) Two Malaysian construction workers were buried alive by excavated sand pile in a 3.6m deep sewer trench at Taman Merbau phase two construction site in Changlun. 2) Iron mould weighing almost two tonnes fell from 20 storey condominiums under construction onto Dr. Liew Boon Horngs BMW; killed him and Severely injured his wife and the driver at Plaza Damas located along Jalan Hartamas. 2) Negligence of three construction companies, led to the death of another Indonesian worker on 15 May 2006 located at Lot 206, Section 63, Lorong Binjai where a 32-storey of 100 units apartment was to be built. 2) Death of two Malaysian construction workers, buried alive four meters deep in a landslide while working on the fencing located at Taman Merbau 2, Fasa III at Kubang, Pasu 2) Twenty five foreign workers escaped without major injuries when the structure they were standing gave way in one of the construction sites in Kuching. 3) Two sides collapsed of a bridge that was under construction at 3.2 kilometers of the Klang Valley Highway that caused the death of two Bangladesh workers. 3) One foreign construction site worker died; another colleague severely injured at the construction site of the prestigious KK Times Square commercial complex after piles of sand fell on them in Kota Kinabalu. 4) Three Indonesian construction workers fell from scaffolding to their deaths when they slipped from the top floor of a 21-storey condominium under construction and landed on the fifth floor at Taman Tampoi Indah. 5) Bricks fell from the construction site in Taman Bukit Angkasa, Kerinchi on several cars parked at the nearby flats during a three hour downpour 6) Eight huge concrete beams with a measurement of at least 40m long and 70 tonnes weight of an uncompleted flyover near Nilai collapsed, which narrowly missed a motorist and his aged parents. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) enacted in year 1994 by the Government of Malaysia. Section 4, objective of act under OSHA 1994 mentioned: to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work; to protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks to safety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work; to promote an occupational environment for persons at work which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs; The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Ministry of Human Resources and other government agencies have regulation and legal requirement to ensure the safety and health of not only workers, but also the public. . DOSH policy consists of: To prepare and preserve a workplace with a safe and healthy working system To ensure that all staff are provided with the relevant information, instruction, training and supervision regarding methods to carry out their duties in a safe manner and without causing any risk to health; To investigate all accidents, diseases, poisonous and/or dangerous occurrences, and to have action to ensure that these occurrences will not be repeated; To comply with all requirements of legislations related to safety and health as stated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, as well as regulations and codes of practice which have been approved; (www.dosh.gov.my). Construction site create risk not only for the construction workers, but also for the public. Therefore the general public must be protected from hazards associated with the construction work that may be carried out in a public area or adjacent to such area (DOSH). Department of Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites: DOSH, Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Site, is a guideline endorsed by the Departments Jawatankuasa Semakan Dasar chaired by the Director General of the Department of Occupational Safety and Health. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide guidance to employers on how good work practice can be carried out on every activity in the construction to prevent accidents to the workers and public. Below describes some of the sections of the guideline: Section 4 Notification of an Operation describes the section 35 under Factories and machineries Act 1967 that every work or engineering construction must inform DOSH not less than seven days before commencement of work unless the work can be completed within six days. Section 6 of the guidelines is about the Safety and Health Organization and under this section it has mentioned about the employers obligation to prepare written general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of his employees and the organization and arrangements to carry out the policy. Following are the sub sections for section 6: 6.1- Safety and health Policy 6.2- Safety and Health Committee 6.3- Occupational Safety and Health System 6.4- Safety and Health Officer 6.5- Site Safety Supervisor 6.6- Contractor Safety Supervisor Section 7 describes the General Duties of the Employers according to the section 16, of OSHA 1994. Section 8 describes the General Duties of the Architects, Engineers and Designers stating that a safe design and construction must be considered to the safety of the workers and the public. Designers, architects should not include anything in the design that leads to unsafe construction procedure and create undue hazards. Section 8 also describes about the safety and health facilities to be included in design for such work to be performed with minimum risk. Section 9: Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) Section 10: Emergency Response Plan Section 11: Hoarding Section 12: Movement of Vehicular Traffic Section 13: Disconnection of Utilities Section 14: Demolition Section 15: Blasting and use of Explosive Section 16: Removal of Debris Section 17: Site Clearing Section 18: Excavation Work Section 19: Piling Work Section 20: Superstructure 20.1 Scaffolds 20.2 Safety Nets and Peripheral Nets 20.3 Catch Platforms 20.4 Concrete Work Section 21: Finishes Section 22: Use of Hoisting Equipment 22.1: General 22.2: Erection 22.3: Jacking 22:4: Operation 22.5: Inspection and Testing 22.6: Maintenance and Repair 22.7: Dismantling 22.8: Crane Storage (DOSH Ministry of Human Resources) Table 2 shows the number of occupational death rates from 2007 to 2011 within the 10 industries. The death rate in the construction industry is the highest in year 2007, the total number of 95 deaths. But statistic has dropped to 51 in year 2011 which is a good phenomenon for the construction industry. Table 2: Number of Occupational Death Rates 2007-2011 Industrial Categories / Year Number of Occupational Death Rates 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Manufacturing 63 76 63 59 45 Mining Quarrying 9 6 3 1 7 Construction 95 72 71 66 51 Agriculture 30 42 44 30 41 Utility 10 19 23 11 5 Transport / Communication 2 8 18 14 11 Trade 3 0 0 0 1 Hotel Restaurant 0 1 0 0 2 Financial Insurance 4 4 1 1 6 Public Services 3 2 1 3 7 Total 219 230 224 185 176 Source: DOSH 2011 Figure 1 shows the statistic by DOSH on occupational accidents by sector in 2011. It shows that 51 deaths, 43 non permanent disability and 5 permanent disability in construction industry. Figure 1: Statistic of occupational accidents by sector 2011- source DOSH In the Construction Industry Master Plane (CIMP) 2006-2015 highlighted about Strive for the highest standard of occupational safety and health. It stated that, long term development of the industry requires accountability of the stakeholders to achieve the highest standard of occupational safety and health. To achieve this standard, stakeholders awareness must be increase and to implementation of occupational safety and health management system (OSHMS). Furthermore, to develop occupational safety and health program need to raise awareness, education and training, enforcement of legislation, guide line and codes (CIDB :2008). 2.3 Health and Safety in Great Britain Construction Industry Great Britain has a 150 years history of health and safety regulation. The current health and safety act is called Health and Safety at work (HSW) Act 1974. This Act has been modified in 2008 to provide integrated institutional structure and legal framework for health and safety regulation. Health and safety law is enforced by health and safety executive (HSE) in many workplaces ranging from health and safety in nuclear installation and mines through to factories, school and hospitals. According to HSE guide, health and safety inspectors have important statutory power as they can enter any premises without any warning. And if they are not satisfied with the level of health and safety, they can issue information and advice, issue improvement notices requiring problems to be put right within a specified time, serve a prohibition notice stopping activity either with immediate or deferred effect, and (in England and Wales) prosecute for the most serious failings (hse.gov.uk). According to HSE statistic, there is a significant reductions in the number and rate of injury over the last 20 years or more. Yet, construction remains a high risk industry. Although it accounts for only about 5% of the employees in Britain it still accounts for 27% of fatal injuries to employees and 9% of reported major injuries. In 2010 to 2011 there were 50 fatal injuries to workers. The number of fatality injures to employees has been reduced by two-thirds compared with 20 years ago. It also stated that over 5000 occupational cancer cases are estimated to arise each year as a result of past exposures in the construction sector (HSE, 2011). Figure 2: 20 year trend in worker fatalities- source:www. hse.gov.uk CHAPTER 3 : LITERATURE REVIEW TO DETERMINE HEALTH AND SAFETY IN MALDIVES CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 3.1 Introduction This chapter will provide some information and facts about Maldives in general and also will determine the health and safety in Maldives construction industry. 3.1.1 General Information on Maldives Table 3: General information of Maldives Government Type Republic Independence July 26, 1985 (formerly a British protectorate) No of Atolls 20 Area Spread over 115,300 sq. km square kilometers in the Indian Ocean southwest of India The capital Male Population (2009 est.): 314,000 (plus 80,000 expatriate workers who are not counted in the census). The life expectancy 74 years Language Dhivehi (official); English considered as second language Currency MVR 15.50 (Rufiyaa) = USD 1 GDP 2010 total USD 926 million, USD 2896 per capita. Weather and Climate Tropical, two monsoon in a year, annual mean temperature 28.3Â °C Literacy 97% Sources: Department of National Planning 2010, UNDP, 2011 3.1.2 Geography For administrative purpose 1,192 (Inhabited 194, Uninhabited 998) islands are further divided in to 20 atolls (Department of National Planning, 2010). Among these islands, only four islands have a population of 5,000 or more and only 10 islands are larger than 2.5sq km (R. Bassam 2011). 3.2 Maldives Construction Industry The construction industry has contributed 10 percent of the GDP and accounts for 5 percent of the national employment data (The World Bank, 2006). With the growth of tourism, and the Tsunami-reconstruction activities, construction industry to the economy is to expect to grow significantly ( Seventh National Development Plane 2006-2010). Of the total labor force of the construction industry, more than 70 percent is provided by expatriate labor; particularly at the skilled and unskilled levels. Most of the top level managers have university degree or diploma-level training in addition to work experience in the industry. Of the total employment about 10 percent are professionals (Architects, Engineers, QS or PM), while the rest consists of 34 percent skilled and 56 percent unskilled workers. (The World Bank, 2006). 3.2.1 Maldives Association of Construction Industry (MACI) Construction companies of Maldives with the support of Maldives Government established MACI on 30th October 2001. MACI is the official representative of construction industry in Maldives with 46 members actively involved in improving the construction industry. Objective of MACI is to combine all relative services in construction to develop and promote a united industry. The Association aims to achieve greater professionalism and quality in construction industry (www.business.com.mv) 3.3 Health and Safety in Maldives Construction Industry. On September 30th 2012, a local newspaper reported that the small number of building site deaths recoded in the Maldives recent years is more the result of good fortune rather than industry commitment to safety. The report was regarding the death of a Bangladeshi national working in the capital Male fell from the sixth floor of a building site on 19th June 2012. The employee was not believed to be wearing any safety gear when he died (Minivan News, 2012). President of the MACI, Mohamed Ali Janah told Minivan News that he believed a lack of national regulations outlining health and safety responsibility at the national building sites. He mentioned that judging the standard of occupational health and safety in Maldives construction sites there were very few places in the world that would approve the way the work is conducted. (Minivan News, 30th Sep 2012). Health and safety has been an issue for years in Maldives construction industry. Clients are also not setting aside money to ensure health and safety measures are being met and stakeholders do not understand the importance of health and safety in site (MACI, 2012). All project stakeholders have a responsibility of ensuring health and safety, starting from the government and the people that actually initiate projects. Health and safety must be achieved by the commitment from all construction project clients, all level management, and equal commitment by construction workers (Coble and Haupt, 1999). MACI requested to Ministry of Economic and Development, Ahmed Mohamed, for a solution to the problem of safety measures on the construction sites (sun.mv, 14th October 2012) According to Seventh National Development Plane 2006-2010, stated that to implement the building code of the Maldives under construction policies and strategies, item 2.1 as a strategy and item 2.7 stated that Enable formulation of construction industry related to health and safety regulations and established database on health and safety issues (Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008). 3.3.1 Maldives Building Code 1st Edition 2008 Maldives Building Code was published on August 2008 by Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure to ensure that: the safety of the built environment T0 provide flexibility in design The building code will be empowered from a set of building regulations which itself will be bound by a building act. However a building act has not yet been passed (Ministry of Construction and Public Infrastructure, 2008). Section F of the Building Code is Safety of Users, which defines the following contents: Hazardous agent on site Hazardous building materials Hazardous substances and process Safety from falling Construction and demolition hazards Lighting for emergency Warning system Signs (The Building Code 2008) CHAPTER 4: REASARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe and explain the methodology used in this research in order to accomplished the aim of the research. 4.2 Research Design The researcher will distribute 100 questionnaires to different stakeholders in the construction industry of Maldives. Such as clients, consultants and contractors in Male city. Researcher will interview with a company in Male city regarding occupational health and safety. 4.3 Research Method The researcher will distribute 100 questionnaires by using emails and by the use of Google documents. 4.4 Primary Data and Secondary Data Primary data is the data that will be collected from the distribution of questionnaires to the targeted respondents. In this case, the clients, consultants and contractors are the target. Secondary data is the data that will be collected from the literature review, such as books, journals, newspaper, internet and others. 4.5 Data Analysis Technique Data receives from the respondents will be analysis by using Google documents software

The Impact Of Organisational Structures

The Impact Of Organisational Structures This section discusses the influence and the impact that organizational and departmental structure and culture has generally and with special reference on the team working in the Haiti. The discussion covers first the overall structure of the Oxfam which is followed by the organization of the Oxfam team at Haiti for carrying out charitable work. The Oxfam has the Council as the governing body that meets seven times a year (International, 2010). It is made up of between 10 and 12 unpaid Trustees and is ultimately accountable for the overall management of Oxfam. Then there is the post of Director who is the Chief Executive and is responsible to the Trustees for the management of Oxfam. Then there are six Deputy Directors each is responsible for a Division. The Deputy Director of the Marketing Division is responsible for fundraising, communications and campaigns. The deputy Director International is responsible for developing and implementing Oxfams programmes in over 70 countries. The Deputy Director Trading is responsible for shops and recycling in Britain and the Fair Trade operations. The Deputy Director Finance and Information Systems is responsible for finance and IS throughout the organization. The deputy Director Corporate Human Resources is responsible for advising other divisions on Human Resource matters. The deputy Director Campaigns and Policy is responsible for advocating policies to promoting lasting change. Then each division has HR and Finance teams responsible for those matters. Oxfam is a charitable organization whose aim is to work with others to overcome poverty and suffering throughout the world. Its mission is to work directly for humanitarian relief to those hit by war, natural disasters or poverty. It also campaigns on behalf of poor people around the world who face issues such as debt, trade and the right to education. Its presence in the United Kingdom (UK) is visible through its charity shops run by volunteers, Page 5/17 selling donated items and handicrafts from overseas. Since it is a charitable organization, it has about 22,000 volunteer workers in over 800 Oxfam shops. The managers at these shops are given more authority to look into the needs of the local people where they are operating. The operations of these shops mostly include selling of books and music (International, 2010). Performances Dividing work -Vertical structure -Horizontal structure Structure Coordinating work Elements of Components Organisation Culture Types Figure showing structural and cultural elements of organization Page 6/17 Planning the work activities of the team, to ensure their commitment is gained. The biggest challenge for the team working in the Haiti was race with time to save the lives of the people. It is stated that it was a situation in which thousands of people were covered by the debris of the building; another thousands of people were dead which the figure has confirmed now to be more than two hundred thousands of people were killed; and millions of people became homeless (International, 2010). On top of that the communication system was substantially destroyed by the earthquake. Under such circumstances the planning activities of the Oxfam team demanded high challenge for those who carried out the humanitarian work with full devotion. The team was drawn upon the volunteers who were ready to sacrifice their comfortable life in order to carry out the charitable work in the harsh and challenging circumstances. One of the challenges of the team was to co-ordinate with the other governmental and non-governmental organization so that proper contribution was to be made in t he area. Then the other challenge was for the operational team which had to distribute the food and drinking water in the area where there were no communication. It is stated that the planning work element of the team ensures that the task of the team is carried out in a coherent manner. It discusses the tasks are divided, supervised and coordinated. The object of structure is to give clear idea what the people are going to do as forming part of the organization. This is often they know it when they join the organization. They know what is expected of them and the skills which are to be used by them for contributing the overall aim of the organization but the team working at Haiti had unprecedented challenges. The Oxfam team has effectively responded to the earthquake at Haiti. This is the biggest earthquake in the last 200 years at the Haiti. The Oxfam has responded quickly and effectively to help the victims of the earthquake. It has provided so far 60 tons of emergency supplies a nd equipment. This includes clean water, buckets, water treatment kids, and shelter and sanitation tools in the area. We have successfully operated in seven sites. Page 7/17 This means we have approached with our help and support to almost 85,000 people. It is planning to expand our network to 110,000 people (International, 2010). There were number of challenging tasks which were assigned to the operational team at the Haiti. One of the tasks has been to provide clean and safe water. The problem arises when water gets contaminated because of the virus in the atmosphere which has spread due to large number of deaths of people whose bodies were decomposed on the ground. Moreover, there were no infra structures for people to keep the water safe. The Oxfam has also launched a programme called cash for work so as to get hand of local people with the overall object of providing facilities to the people. The main task of this operation is to build our capacity so that we can help three millions of people who are in desperate need of assistance. The Oxfam is working to provide for the basic needs of these people. These include provision of clean water and latrines. The Oxfam team is also working on the long term projects of the disaster hit people. Its marketing team is campaigning for the cancellation of internationa l debts on Haiti. The Haiti owes $891 million in debts (International, 2010). These amounts include those loans which were taken by the Government prior to the earthquake for its developmental projects. Since almost everything is destroyed in the city, we are trying to persuade donors to cancel the debts. To this end, the Team contacting to the Head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Dominique Straus-Kahn to exert pressure so that the loans should be cancelled. It is stated that the IMF has offered  £100m loan to the Haiti for building infrastructure and other developmental activities. Our analysis reveal that owing to the huge destruction of the area combined with the fact that Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world; it will be sending tens of millions of dollars to the IMF and other international donors for paying off loan instalments. This will be huge burden on the poor country (International, 2010). Page 8/17 Providing opportunities to meet the identified developmental needs of the team and individuals working within the team. This section of the report discusses about the provision of opportunities to meet the identified developmental needs of the team and individuals working within the team. The report covers the overall developmental needs of the team in terms of the control and the individual developments in terms of his skills and progression in the company. It is stated that when the operations of an organization grow then it needs to divide the work vertically (Boddy, 2005). This means there needs to be more and more delegation to allow for those who are working at lower level to cater for the needs of their specific circumstances (Templar, 2004). It is also pointed out that with the growth of the business the hierarchy becomes more complex but even then there are three levels that always exist. These levels are corporate divisional and operating (International, 2010). The corporate activities in the Oxfam are the Board of Trustees. This is the most senior group which is responsible for managing the overall direction of the organization. This includes not only guiding and monitoring the performance of subordinate levels of the organization but also maintain links with significant external institutions such as banks and political bodies. The other level of the Oxfam is the divisional. There are broadly six divisions which are responsible to the Director who is also the chief executive. These divisions are headed by deputy Director. This is responsible for implementing broad areas of policy and for securing and allocating budgets and other resources. The Finance department which is headed by the deputy Director in the Oxfam is responsible for working on fund raising and collecting donations (see appendix about how to donate for Haiti earthquake victims). Then there comes an operational level. This level is responsible for doing the technical work of the organization. This includes in case of the Oxfam implementing the policy in practice such as supplying food, water and sanitary services to the earthquake victims in the Haiti. Page 9/17 So, the key issue that arises in establishing what decisions should be taken at each level of the organization. It will be considered to be centralization when those at the top make most of the decisions. In such circumstances the management at the divisional level ensures that the decisions of the Trustees are implemented by those working at the operational levels. On the other hand, if the system is based upon decentralized organization then there is clear demarcation of the span of authority for making decisions according to their specific needs. However, these decisions are taken in consonance with the broad policy of the organization. The operational work at the Haiti was carried out by the team which was given more power to decide the operational aspect of the relief services. It set units in the Haiti in co-ordination with other governmental and non-governmental organizations so that it can carry out overall co-ordin ated work with all charitable work carried out in the area. This enabled the team to focus on those areas where it undertook its responsibility to look after the particular section of the people. It operated at eleven units initially which covered almost 86,000 people. Then the relief operations were extended towards more people the figure which was raised up to 110,000 (International, 2010). It is stated that the Oxfam motivated local people at Haiti to work either voluntarily or to work for money (Templar, The Rules of Work A Definitive Guide to Personal Success , 2002). The members of the Oxfam team provided short training to the local people regarding their motivation to work. The motivation was either to appeal their humanitarian mind or to provide them money so that the aid can be provided to all the people. The team members consulted with the local workers regarding how the humanitarian aid could be distributed effectively. The rewards for this work were both psychological as well as financial (Owen, 2009). It was psychological because the nature of work appealed humanity which is part of value structure of our human beings. It also produced monitory benefits for the team. The team members were also taken on board by asking them to make proposals for Page 10/17 carrying out these services effectively. It was according to the flat tall and flat charts of the organi zational developments. The figure below describes how individuals can develop itself in an organization which either follows the tall structure of the organization or the flat structure (Owen, 2009). A tall structure, with narrow spans of supervision A flat structure, with wide spans of supervision Figure showing Tall and flat organization structures The structure of the organization is key indicator of the development of the members of the team. Page 11/17 Involving the Team in fairly and objectively assessing work activity progress against task performance objectives and individual developmental objectives. The managements use teams as a way of organizing work for the purposes of more flexibility, lower costs and faster response (Cole, 2009). This technique is applied by the Oxfam in its operations at Haiti. This is because the task at Haiti needs more powers to make decisions on the ground. There is also involvement of humanitarian issue involved in the operations which needs decisions to be made on the spot. This technique is also applied by other organizations such as Johnsons or Philips with the same object of getting flexible and lower costs and faster responses. In such structure the team is drawn from various divisions which are given authority to decide the view of their individual division (Owen, How to Manage: The Art of Making Things Happen , 2009). The members of the team are mutually accountable for results. They are sometimes called self-managing teams to emphasise the relative absence of hierarchical relationships. But there are also many potential disadvantages such as t endency to take on their own purpose and to spend time in debate rather than action. It is stated that the Oxfam has joined hands with fourteen other organization in its common cause of helping out the sufferings of the people of Haiti (International, 2010). It is stated that this is also growing practice of the organizations to remain independent but agree to work together to deliver product or services (Bacal, 2004). It happens when managers of the organizations arrange for other companies to undertake certain activities on their behalf, usually those that they do not use as being core to the business. The remaining organization concentrates on setting strategy direction and managing the core units. There has also practice in the business world in which the managers sell one of their services to another company, but still deliver the service to customers under their own name (Stettinius, 2007). The humanitarian work at Haiti needs to be coordinated to achieve the intended results without it wills there be confusion and poor performance. The direct supervision is provided where a manager ensures coordination by directly supervising his Page 12/17 or her staff to ensure they work together in line with company policy. The differences in t his situation lie in the idea of the span of control and the number of people whom a manager can effectively supervise directly. It is also stated that the rules of business provide hierarchy of command if the problem arises in terms of any kind of dispute between the members of the team. In such circumstances, the dispute is taken to the common boss in the hierarchy. It is the bosss responsibility to reach a solution (Maginn, 2004). The Oxfam team also make sure that what goes into the system and what managers expect it to produce are standardised. So, if the operational cost of one unit Haiti can be minimized by involving people by requesting them to become volunteers can be obtained then those savings can be used for obtaining more aid in terms of water and other things can be obtained. The team makes sure that the suppliers meet the specification and coordination between those who use the parts will be easier. The other method applied for ensuring effective team work is the rule s and procedures are prepared or guidelines are published on how to perform the work (Burns, 1978). As discussed above this technique at Haiti is hardly applied where lot of local workers are volunteers and the demand of the supply of humanitarian aid is really high. Finally, the technique of keeping up-to-date information systems help to co-ordinate effectively from team level management to the top level management and vice versa. Information systems help to ensure that people who need to work in a consistent way have common information about what is happening (Edwards, 2006). The communication between the management of the Oxfam is carried out by telephonic system as much of communication systems are already damaged. There is also personal contact methods applied to communicate between the team members operating at Haiti (Edwards, 2006). Page 13/17 Modify plans to ensure that performance objectives are met. This section of the report discusses the circumstances in which the plans may be modified in order to achieve the performance objectives (Egerton, 2007). The performance objectives of the operation at Haiti were to carry out relief services in co-ordination with other governmental and non-governmental organizations. It was observed that there was challenge of race with the time to save the lives of the people. There was need of trained people who could provide health facilities to the people. There were needs of not only food but also shelter and medicines. Some of the organizations were carrying out the relief activities by providing tents. Some of them carried out medical and health services to the affected people (International, 2010). In such circumstances the Oxfam team needed to work on those areas in which either the relief operations were not reached or there were inadequate provision of the services in such areas. By analysing the ground realities the plans were modified and the operations of the Oxfam were focused on providing safe water and sanitary services. The Oxfam identified that the inadequate provision of relief services to address sanitary issues resulted in spread of viral diseases. So, the Oxfam team set 11 units initially which provided safe drinking water and sanitary services spread in the area which benefited population of about 86,000 people. The network of the services was then further spread to cover more than hundred thousand people in the area. So, the plans were modified after observing the ground realities. But this didnt mean that the overall objective of the Oxfam was sacrificed. Another feature of the operations was to build pressures on the international donors to provide non-returnable loan rather than giving Haiti loan for restructuring which will be paid by it over the years. This aspect was carried out by taking into account the factual position that Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the world. Its economy is not d eveloped enough to pay back loan which will be used for saving life of people or providing them basic necessities of the life such as food and shelter (International, 2010). Page 14/17 Conclusion The report has taken into account the operational and organizational work of the Oxfam which is charitable organization. The report has focussed upon the current operations of the Oxfam at Haiti. The report discusses the practical aspects of the charitable operation at Haiti by linking it with the theory. It is revealed that organizational activities of the Oxfam were team based work that allowed convenience to carry out the relief operations. It discussed the motivational factors of the team and the influence of organizational culture on its workers. It was found that the Oxfam being itself a charitable organization with thousands of people working as volunteers the motivation of its workers was to carry out the relief work with high motivation. The Oxfam has culture of helping people as the motivating factor itself. Every member of the team is focussed upon high standard of providing humanitarian services to the people suffering from poverty, war or natural calamities. The discussi on also covered the relief activities carried out by the team by employing local workers. It also covered the circumstances in which the plans were modified in order to cope up with the practical aspects faced by the team operating at Haiti. The report with its main focus on highlighting the organization plan and management of the Oxfam at Haiti also sensitizes the humanitarian work carried out by the Oxfam for Haiti earthquake victims. Recommendations The report recommends that when charitable organizations perform relief operations they need more autonomy to operate in the area. This is because as discussion revealed that they know the ground realities because they are operating on the ground under circumstances which involve not only financial aspect but also humanitarian aspect. Although there is successful operation carried out by the Oxfam team at Haiti yet the organizational structure of the Oxfam which is mix of functional and hierarchical needs more decentralization of authority. This will not only serve as an effective motivation for the workers operating in the field but also achieve the overall objective of the charitable organization such as the Oxfam. Page 15/17 Appendices The information about how to donate for Haiti earthquake victims is available at http://www.oxfam.org/en/haitidonate .

Cure for Axillary Hyperhydrosis Essay -- Sweat Sweating Botox Treatmen

Cure for Axillary Hyperhydrosis Sweating is a natural process for all animals. Broadly speaking, we sweat so that our brains do not overheat. The brain can easily overheat if the temperature rises too high because it consumes a very large amount (twenty percent) of our metabolic energy. The brain and temperature relationship is extremely sensitive because it has been studied that brain damage is apparent if the brain temperature is raised to 106 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, in order for the brain to not reach this temperature, there must be a system that moderates the temperature—this cooling system is commonly referred to as sweating. When humans sweat, the surface of their skin is cooled, and the skin is then able to cool the blood headed to the brain. The sweat glands are in charge of carrying out this important system. There are two components to the sweat glands: the apocrine glands and the eccrine glands. The apocrine glands contribute the odor component to sweat and are associated with hair follicles, and the eccrine glands are the actual glands responsible for the secretion of sweat on the skin to lower the body temperature. (http://home.flash.net/~mortongr/sweat.htm) Dr. Richard G. Glogau explained that: â€Å"Eccrine sweat evaporates on the surface of the skin and effects a transfer of heat, primarily by direct conduction from the vascular supply to the skin. Sweating can reach volumes measured in liters per hour,† (1998, p.817). Between two and four million of these glands are found deep in the skin of the palms of hands, in the soles of feet and under the axillary skin. (Glogau, 1998) These glands secrete a very dilute solution of urea and lactic acid (Odderson, 1998). http://www.hyperhidrosi... ...perhidrosis with Botulinum Toxin. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 24, 280-2. Heckmann, M., Breit, S., Ceballos-Baumann, A., Schaller, M., & Plewig, G. (1999). Side-controlled Intradermal Injection of Botulinum Toxin A in Recalcitrant Axillary Hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 41, 987-90. Naumann, M. et al. (1998). Focal Hyperhidrosis: Effective Treatment With Intracutaneous Botulinum Toxin. Archives of Dermatology, 134, 301-4. Odderson, Ib R. (1998). Axillary Hyperhidrosis: Treatment With Botulinum Toxin A. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 350-2. Odderson, I.R. (1998). Hyperhidrosis Treated by Botulinum A Exotoxin. Dermatol Surg, 24, 1237-41. Schnider, P. et al. (1999). A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled trial of Botulinum A Toxin for Severe Axillary Hyperhidrosis. British Journal of Dermatology, 140, 677-80.

The House on Mango Street :: essays research papers

The House on Mango Street The affects of an unreliable narrator in The House on Mango Street is it affects the tone, characterization, and style. There are a lot of examples of those three affects. Some of those examples are on different chapters of The House on Mango Street.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characterization explained in the chapter called â€Å" Earl of Tennessee.† It is explained in the way that people say that Earl’s wife looks different ways when she asks different people. Esperanza says in the chapter† We never agree on what she looks like†(pg.71). Another example of characterization can be found in the chapter called†Sally.† In the chapter Esperanza says†The boys at school think she’s beautiful...†(pg.81) Characterization is explained in this chapter in the way that Sally wears make-up to school and skirts that she pulls up, but when she goes home she washes off the make-up and pulls down her skirt so her father won’t notice anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tone is explained in the chapter called† Darius and the Clouds† because a lot of people in Esperanza’s school think of him as a fool. Then when one day he says something wise, something smart, people don’t think of him as such a fool. In the chapter Darius says,†You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky, and sky can keep you safe when you are sad.†(pg.33) He also says,†Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky.†(pg.33) Tone is also explained in the chapter called†Red Clowns.†Esperanza becomes very mad with Sally because Sally left her alone and some guys come and have their way with her. Esperanza says†Sally, you lied. It wasn’t what you said at all. What he did. Where he touched me. I didn’t want it, Sally.†(pg.99) Esperanza get very emotional about what happens to her. She becomes very mad and changes her tone in the way that she isn’t the cheerful happy girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Style is explained in the chapter called â€Å" The Monkey Garden† in the way that â€Å"the Monkey Garden† stands for the Edenic Bower. Esperanza and her friends love to play in the garden. Esperanza says,†This was a garden, a wonderful thing to look at in the spring.†(pg.94) The â€Å"The Monkey Garden† stands for the Garden of Eden.Another example of Style can be found in the chapter called†Chanclas.

Busl250 – Mid Semester Notes

BUSL250 – Mid-semester Notes Liabilities * Harm may be caused deliberately or carelessly * One person’s single harmful act to another person (deliberately or carelessly) can give rise to one or more legal liabilities * Legal Liabilities Tortious Liability: harmful act can be a tort (civil wrong), other than breach of contract, remedy is compensation (commenced through litigation) * Vicarious Liability: Liability for harmful act caused by another * Statutory liability: harmful act by breach of statute, prosecution is punishment * Contractual liability: harmful act by breach of contract, remedy is compensation * Criminal liability: harmful act and harmful act is a crime, incurs criminal liability, prosecution for punishment * A harmful act may incur one or more legal liabilities Tortious vs. contractual liability: tortious liability can incur in the absence of contract but contract liability can only incur if a contract exists. * Difference between tortious liability and criminal liability * Consequences of causing harm Tort of trespass * Trespass is actionable per se, which means that there is no need for the plaintiff to prove actual loss or damage in order to commence a civil action against the trespasser. It is, however, necessary to prove that the interference was either intentional or negligent. * Types of trespass You commit the tort of trespass to land if you directly and intentional interference with land in the rightful possession of X without X’s consent of other excuse. Lord Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 * * Doesn’t need to be physical trespass of airspace * A tenant in rightful possession of land has the right to sue for trespass, including the right to sue the landlord if the landlord enters the land without permission or lawful excuse. * No trespass to land if there is no attempt to make it clear that you are not welcomed to their land. i. e. mplied permission * You commit the tort o f trespass to goods if you directly and intentionally interfere with goods in the possession of X, without X’s consent or other excuse * Trespass against goods: direct and intentional interference with or use of personal property of another * Conversion: intentionally using/dealing the goods that is inconsistent with the owner or their rightful possession of the good * Dentine: committed when someone either intentionally or careless detains the goods of another. (i. e. carelessly through loosing the good not able to give back when demanded) * Trespass to persons: You commit the tort of battery if you directly, intentionally or negligently cause contact with the body of x without X’s consent. Courts established plaintiff’s not entitled to insist that no one ever touch them, and that a certain minimal level of physical contact is an unavoidable element of daily life. Rixon v Star City Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 265 * You commit a tort of assault if you unlawfully threat en another with imminent physical harm * You commit the tort of false imprisonment if you cause total deprivation of X’s freedom of movement without lawful justification or excuse * Defences * Accident * Consent * Necessity Self defence (usually for trespass to person) * Defence of property (usually for trespass to person) Tort of nuisance * You commit the tort of nuisance if you indirectly interfere (i. e. interfere with no actual physical contact e. g. through noise) with X’s use and enjoyment of private or public land * 2 types * Private nuisance * Public nuisance * Defences: * Consent from plaintiff (expressed or implied) * Statutory legislation * Contributory negligence Tort of defamation * You commit the tort of defamation if you publish to a third party, spoken or written form, a statement about x that would damage the reputation of X.Economic torts * Tort of deceit: a tort committed when one person makes a fraudulent misrepresentation to another * If you tell s omeone the truth then something happens that changes those facts, you must notify persons of that change or you will be charged with misrepresentation * You must know that the information you gave was false to misrepresent * No defence to expect plaintiff to check the information * Tort of passing off: a tort committed when one person misrepresents themselves or their product as having some kind of connection with another person or business.Pacific Dunlop v Hogan. * Tort of intimidation: a tort and/or crime committed when one person threatens to commit an unlawful act to force another to do something against their interest Rookes v Barnard. * Tort of interference with contractual relations: a tort committed when one person knowingly induces another to break a contract with a third party. Lumley v Wagner. *