Gays Adopting Children essays

Gays Adopting Children essays You stare into a mirror. The reflection glaring back at you is one that you can barely recognize. Your skin is ghostly white and malnourished. Tears begin to stream down your emaciated cheeks, as you strain to reach up and whip them. All you have ever known is the story of abuse and neglect. The thoughts of bouncing from foster home to foster home are your fondest memories . The feeling of loneliness has engulfed you from as far back as you can remember. You visualize the beatings, the screaming, and the tears that you have endured. Shivers race up your spine as you fall on your shaking knees and pray. You pray that one day a family will reach out to you. You pray that one day just maybe you can be loved, regardless of who the family is, just as long as you can feel love. Millions of same sex couples are ready and willing to provide a happy home for neglected children. However society does not permit this, and so you are still alone, and will be for some time. You continue to pray. The diversity of the world begins with who we are attracted to and who we love. To be ashamed of it, or phobic about it, does not seem very wise at all (Pg 154). Love is love. The undying notion that God made man and women for a reason, has finally died. Who is to say that homosexuality is wrong? Who is to say that the emotions of love cannot be felt by two individual of the same sex? That is pure ignorance. If you are sure about yourself, and the attraction that you posses towards someone else, then nobody has the right to claim that that is unnatural. There are millions of desperate children in the world, bound by foster homes, and without families. These same sex couples have the same stability, love, and support to give a child as a mom and dad. Whose to say that the male versus female relationship is the only correct environment to raise a child? It is to choose to be who you are. It is a choice to defines what you do. I...

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A The Spanish preposition a is often thought of as the equivalent of to - but in fact it has far more uses. A can also be the equivalent of on, at, from, by or in, among others. And in many cases it is not translated at all. Rather than learning how to use the Spanish a by its translation, it is probably best to learn the purposes for which a is used. The following list doesnt cover all its uses, but it does show the uses you are most likely to come across at the beginning stages of learning Spanish. Where a is translated, the translation is indicated in boldface. Using A To Indicate Motion or Location Almost any verb indicating motion, and even nouns, can be followed by a before a destination. It can also be used with some other verbs to indicate where the verbs action takes place. Llegamos a Argentina. (We arrived in Argentina.)Se acercà ³ a la casa. (He approached the house.)Cayà ³ al piso. (It fell to the floor.)Ofrecemos servicios especializados para facilitar su visita a Disneyland. (We offer specialized services to facility your visit to Disneyland.)Esa es la puerta al baà ±o. (That is the door to the bathroom. Al is a contraction of a el, usually meaning to the.)Me siento a la mesa. (I am sitting at the table.) Using A Before an Infinitive A is often used to connect a verb with an infinitive that follows. This use is especially common when indicating the start of an action. In these cases, a is not translated separately from the infinitive. Empezà ³ a salir. (She began to leave.)Entrà ³ a hablar contigo. (He came in to talk to you.)Él se negà ³ a nadar. (He refused to swim.)He venido a estudiar. (I have come to study.)Comenzà ³ a bailar. (She began to dance.) The most common usage following this patter is using ir a infinitive to form the a type of future tense  known as the periphrastic future. Si no jugamos bien no vamos a ganar. (If we dont play well we arent going to win.)Voy  a  cantar.  (I am going to sing.)Tenemos que aceptar que tal vez no nos vayan a entender. (We have to accept that sometimes they arent going to understand us.) Using A To Indicate Manner or Method Numerous expressions begin with a followed by a noun to indicate how something is done. The phrase starting with a functions as an adverb and is sometimes translated as one. Vamos a pie. (We are going on foot.)Hay que fijarlo a mano. (It is necessary to fix it by hand. Note that a mano also could have been translated as manually, an adverb.)Estoy a dieta. (I am on a diet.)Escribo a lpiz. (I am writing with a pencil.)Andan a ciegas. (They are walking blindly.)Llegamos a tiempo. (We are arriving on time.)La internet evoluciona a cada instante. (The Internet is changing constantly.)Lee el libro a escondidas. (She is studying the book covertly.) Introducing an Object With A Before a direct object, a is used before name or noun that represents a person in a usage known as the personal a. The preposition in these cases usually is not translated. A can also introduce an indirect object. Conozco a Pedro. (I know Peter. In this and the next two examples, the name functions as a direct object.)Encontrà © a Fido. (I found Fido.)Verà © a Marà ­a. (I will see Mary.)Le doy una camisa a Jorge. (I am giving a shirt to George. In this and the next three examples, George is an indirect object. Note how the translation of a varies with the verb.)Le compro una camisa a Jorge. (I am buying a shirt for George.)Le robo una camisa a Jorge. (I am taking a shirt from George.)Le pongo la camisa a Jorge. (I am putting the shirt on George.) Using A in Time Expressions A is sometimes used in specifying times or days. Salimos a las cuatro. (We are leaving at four.)A la una de la noche escuchamos maullar. (At 1 in the morning we heard meowing.)Estamos a lunes. (Today is Monday. Literally, we are at Monday.)

Inception Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inception Movie - Essay Example The intention of this study is ‘Inception’ as perhaps the most sophisticated and fascinating movie that revolves around the power of the mind and simultaneous to how it can be manipulated. A dream inside a dream and the sharing of this activity enables Dom Cobb and his team to illegally steal information related to corporate espionage through extraction. It starts off with the architect who builds the dreams and designs all of its intricacies. This process goes all too well until projections, which are the person’s subconscious in action, becomes aware that what is happening is not real. These projections turn against the dreamer. The projections are part of the dream and comprise the whole feel that actually adds to make the dream more real but they are at same time the most telling that everything is not in order and retaliates so that a search for the dreamer and the end of the dream ensues. This is why it is important to keep track of reality within a dream to avoid triggering the subconscious toward any suspicion. The main goal of extraction, or in this case inception, is to be able to create a reality that would allow Cobb to grab hold of information that the person hides intently. Specifically in inception, it is the control to let the person come to his own realization to make the idea more compelling. In the world presented in the film, technology not only enables people to explore dreams extensively, it has also instilled the value of protection from such thievery. This is where the inception of Robert Fischer with the idea to break up his father’s empire turned out to make the job terribly difficult as armies are sent instead of the normal human projections. But this is not the most threatening of all the projections. It is the recurrence of Mal that threatens their lives while inside three concurrent dreams. In order to keep off the animosity of projections, the architect plays an important role in the development and crea tion of dreams. From the start the audience already gets a strong sense that Cobb is the best at what he does but he has been broken by memories of the death of his wife and constant running away from authorities. Ariadne proved to be the most helpful in keeping away the demons that haunt Cobb and in eventually allowing him to confront them and the reality of what happened to his wife. She was the only other architect who was able to parallel him in his prime. Initially, the film had established that the architect plays an important role. When Cobb was supposed to extract information from Saito, the latter was able to tell it was a dream because of the carpet which was a lapse on the part of their previous architect. As Botz-Bornstein aptly puts it, â€Å"The architect of dreams must create a place. Space is already there in the cacophony of the subconscious† (p.122). What Ariadne provided are the details, in small or large scale, which was a way to make them partake in the d ream. More than her initial task of creating an intrinsic labyrinth so that Cobb may shed away his projections of Mal, Ariadne created sequences upon layers of dreams that made for the believability of their alternate reality. Cobb had cautioned her vehemently, â€Å"Never recreate from your memory. Always imagine new places!† (Inception). But mostly this warning was directed by Cobb for his own benefit since it is Mal’s projections that are the worst and ultimately had led them to the abyss that endangered their lives. Ariadne, except for the recurrence of Mal, was the only pivotal female figure that actually exists in real time in the film. The architect provides for development of the story and her strength

Evaluating ways in which carphone warehouse fufill is ethical and Essay

Evaluating ways in which carphone warehouse fufill is ethical and social obligatory - Essay Example Methodology Carphone Warehouse is a large company that's been operating for years, so it is impossible to review its CSR policy in true detail. Nonetheless, a brief overview is illustrative. First, I will summarise and analyse Carphone Warehouse's stated CSR policy. Second, I will examine if past transgressions have occurred, and if so, at what level. Third, I will analyse the way that those events might impugn CPW's CSR policy and determine where the blame is to be put. CSR Policy Carphone Warehouse has an impressive and well thought-out CSR policy (Carphone Warehouse, 2011). It began with an overview to bring in five areas of their business: â€Å"At the Carphone Warehouse we have spent the past 12 months devising a clear CR strategy which focuses on five key areas - Customers, Employees, Community, Charity and Environment† (Carphone Warehouse, 2011). They include their investors, customers, employees and communities as stakeholders. Carphone Warehouse supports several chari ties, as does TalkTalk. It supports Barnardo's and Get Connected, and TalkTalk has its own partner charity, Treehouse (Carphone Warehouse, 2011). ... It also has its own Foundation that it uses to support initiatives floated by employees, and supports Namibia Trek, Helping with Homelessness and others. But the CSR policy is far from simply a charity policy. They have a battery directive to return waste batteries under the 2009 Waste Batteries and Accumulator Regulations, and have a goal to reduce their carbon footprint by 12% by 2012 (Carphone Warehouse, 2011). In addition, they have introduced a 0%-to-landfill policy. Their environmental policy goes beyond merely complying with the law, showing a commitment to â€Å"legal plus†, though they do prominently display their compliance with the law as if it were laudatory. They also funded a study to determine health risks from cell phones. While they had a vested interest in the outcome of this study, they could have avoided funding it at all. The study found that there is no connection between cell phone use and cancer, which matches with other evidence on the topic. They also offer an independent fact sheet, not produced by the company. CPW also has an impressive diversity policy, using totaljobs.com and jobability.com to provide jobs to disabled people and using ethnic magazines to promote to ethnic minorities (Carphone Warehouse, 2011). They have a self-esteem system of both monetary bonuses and intangibles like parties, and have the Pulse survey to monitor their employees. They have invested into training initiatives for laptops. The sign of a good CSR policy is that it goes beyond charity and legal compliance and shows attention to the company's impacts and stakeholders. CPW's meets this bar. Ethical Lapses However, CPW has been associated

Acid Rain Essay Example for Free

Acid Rain Essay Acid Rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. When fossil fuels are burned they release mostly CO2, but they also release two harmful gases, sulphur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. The sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels. However, the nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid. This then falls as acid rain. Cars and power stations are the main causes of Acid Rain. Acid Rain has effects on plants, soil and even buildings. The acid reacts with the limestone and then the limestone begins to erode. From previous knowledge, I know that limestone has the chemical formula CaCO3. Limestone, chalk and marble are all calcium carbonate. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate (such as calcium carbonate) the fizzing shows that a gas is produced. That gas is carbon dioxide, CO2. Adding hydrochloric acid to a rock sample is one of the tests for a carbonate rock, like marble, chalk or limestone. It is also why these rocks are greatly affected by acid rain. The word equation is for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water The chemical formulae for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: CaCO? + 2HCL CaCL2 + CO2 + H2O The rate of reaction can be calculated by measuring amount of Carbon dioxide gas that is obtained by the syringe. There were various types of apparatus which I included: Goggles Syringe Stop clock Measuring cylinder Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Marble-Powder and Chip Boiling tube Bung Preliminary experiment. Before actually beginning my investigation, I will firstly carry out a preliminary investigation. This will help me to see the improvements that I can make after the experiment. I will be able to see possible downfalls and failures in my method, work out appropriate quantities of chemicals to use and generally improve the quality of the final experiment. Below is the set up apparatus that I will use for the preliminary experiment and the actual experiment: The preliminary experiment is performed so that I can predict the volume of acid, the mass of the chip and powder and the length of time that I will be timing for. 1. Firstly, I set up the apparatus. 2. I will specify a curtain mass of marble using a balance and I will place it into the boiling tube. 3. Then, I will measure a quantity of acid and quickly add it to the boiling tube whilst after quickly placing the bung onto the top of the tube. 4. I will record the amount of CO2 gas which is given off, every curtain amount of time. This will produce a rate of reaction. For many experiments the rate of reaction can be changed by altering curtain variables. For this reaction there is no catalyst, therefore we cannot alter this variable. However there are three main variables that could be changed: Temperature of the acid this would be varied by starting off with the acid at room temperature (around 24i C) and then using acid with temperatures of 30i C, 40i C and 50i C. Concentration of the acid the concentration would be varied three times, using hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0. 5M, 1M and 2M. Surface area of the calcium carbonate the surface area would be varied by using different sizes of calcium carbonate. I will predict that the 2m acid and the powder will be the fastest reaction as the acid is more compact with acid particles in the same volume of water. This helps more successful collisions take place between the particles. The more collisions there are the increased rate of reaction. I found out that I should use 1 gram of mass for the chip and powder marble and 30cmi of acid. This is because the reaction is not too fast or slow. I can get an acceptable number of results recorded. I will be using three different concentrations of acid, 0. 5m, 1m and 2m. (m=molar) The time I will be using will be starting at when the syringe starts to move up to 180 seconds. I will be keeping the amount of acid the same and the mass of the marble so that I conduct a fair test. The temperature was kept at 24i C-25i C. Results 0. 5m with chip 0. 5m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 2 20 4 30 5 40 6 50 7 60 8 70 9 80 16 90 17 100 18 110 20 120 21 130 22 140 24 150 25 160 26 170 27 180 31 Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 14 20 17 30 19 40 20 50 22 60 23 70 23 80 25 90 29 100 34 110 35 120 37 130 38 140 38 150 38 160 39 170 40 180 40 1 m with chip 1 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 21 20 30 30 36 40 38 50 39 60 31 70 42 80 43 90 43 10 44 110 44 120 44 130 44 140 44 150 44 160 44 170 44 180 44 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 4 20 5 30 6 40 9 50 12 60 15 70 18 80 21 90 24 10 27 110 31 120 34 130 37 140 40 150 44 160 47 170 50 180 52. 2 m with chip 2 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 5 20 9 30 13 40 16 50 22 60 26 70 33 80 36 90 46 10 46 110 46 120 51 130 54 140 57 150 57 160 57 170 57 180 57 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 0-60 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Conclusion. After completing my experiment my results show me that as the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction takes place faster and more gas is produced in a shorter space of time. Due to this I found that the 2M hydrochloric acid (the strongest concentration of acid I used) produced the most gas in the shortest time. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid (the weakest concentration of acid I used) produced the least amount of gas in the longest time period. I can clearly see from the graph that the 2M hydrochloric acid gave the fastest reaction and produced the most gas in the shortest space of time, because the gradient of the curve is the steepest and goes far higher than the other curves showing that a larger amount of gas was produced because the gas produced axis is the y axis. The fact that the 2M acid had the steepest curve shows that the reaction was fastest because a large amount of gas was produced (high on the y axis) and in a short space of time (short on the x axis). This will give a steep gradient on the graph. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave almost the opposite curve when the results were placed on a graph. Not much gas was produced in a long space of time and so the slope was very gentle and low on the graph. The 2M hydrochloric acid produced the most gas in the shortest amount of time and was generally a quicker reaction due to its significant difference in particle arrangement compared to the 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric acid. The more concentrated 2M hydrochloric acid has more acid particles in the same volume compared to the 1M and 0. 5M acid. This means there are more available acid particles to react with the calcium carbonate. The reaction will be quicker when using the 2M acid because there are more particles available to react with. The calcium carbonate particles can react with more acid particles quickly as they are easily accessible, whereas in the 0. 5M acid, there are few acid particles in a volume and so some calcium carbonate particles will have no acid particles to react with, causing the reaction to be slow and uneventful. All reactions will only occur if there is enough energy to make it happen. This minimum energy is known as activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy for which two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to take place. When particles collide they slow down, stop, and then fly apart again. This will occur regardless of whether they have enough energy to react. In an unsuccessful collision the particles separate unchanged, but in an effective collision the activation energy barrier is crossed and the particles that separate are chemically different from those that came together. I think my results are definitely sufficient to support my prediction. They equal everything I predicted and I am very pleased at how well they turned out. Evaluation I think that the experiment went very well. All my results matched my prediction and everything went according to plan. The gas produced by each acid had a steady increase however; there were a few rogue points. Overall I achieved what I set out to do. I would have liked more time on the experiment to make sure everything was perfect, though. Due to the short time limit we were quite rushed in completing the experiment. There were a few aspects of the experiment that could have been improved to make the experiment even more accurate. For a start the experiment was undertaken over a few days. Each day had a different temperature and so this would have affected the results. If one day had been hotter than the others the heat would have influenced one reaction to take place faster. Also due to the fact that the experiment lasted a few days, different equipment was being used each day. Some gas syringes were slightly stiffer than others and so wouldnt move out as fast. If on one day you had a very stiff gas syringe that wouldnt move very easily and on another day you had a very loose gas syringe, then the results would be very different as the loose gas syringe would give results that say that the reaction happened very fast and the stiff gas syringe would give results that say the reaction was slow. To prevent this from happening the experiment should have been undertaken and finished on the same day, using exactly the same equipment as you started with for each acid. The initial part of the reaction when the acid first reacts with the calcium carbonate is very fast. A lot of gas is produced at the beginning of the reaction. However the way the apparatus are set up means that when you pour the acid onto the calcium carbonate, there are a few seconds when the gas is able to escape before the gas syringe is connected to the test tube. To avoid this from happening a test tube containing the calcium carbonate should be placed inside a beaker containing the hydrochloric acid. They must not be touching, as the reaction would then start. Then the gas syringe will be connected to the beaker. When the reaction is ready to start, the beaker is knocked so that the test tube falls over, consequently causing the reaction to take place as the acid and carbonate would mix. Then when the initial gas is produced it will all be caught as the gas syringe is already in place. The surface area of the calcium carbonate should also have been kept equal. The same number of equally weighted chips should have been used. E. g. all 1g chips. This way the reaction is fair and accurate, as a large surface area will cause the reaction to take place faster. Keeping all the surface areas the same would have kept the experiment fair. However to do this would have taken a long time and we only had a limited amount of time. Another way of keeping the temperature the same would have been to do the experiment in a water bath. This would have allowed us to do the experiment over a few days as well.

Essay --

Currently, there are many discussions regarding society’s views on how a â€Å"good† person should act. For example, in one society going to war may be viewed as a patriotic act, while in another society it may be viewed negatively because it can be seen as an act promoting violence. Furthermore, there are flaws in always conforming to society’s standards because it takes away one’s individuality. These topics are raised in the â€Å"Unknown Citizen† which is a poem by W.H. Auden that describes a man who is viewed by society as a perfect person and also in â€Å"Do Not Go Gently† by Dylan Thomas where he urges society to not accept death and fight it. As a result, there are actions that society declares as being righteous, but it is also important that people follow their own intuition because that way they become their own person. In both the â€Å"Unknown Citizen† and â€Å"Do Not Go Gently,† the authors give an impression of what a virtuous person is. For example, in the work, â€Å"Unknown Citizen,† the unknown man is reported to be perfect in every way and does absolutely no wrong. In fact, it was stated t...

Outline for Common Elements in African Societies Essay

I.Introduction a.My speech is on common elements I found in African societies. Among these are animism, Bantu language, and their political organization. b.The importance of this to Islam is that some African states converted to Islam, which brought Africa into a more Eurasian system of trade, and introduced them to new religious ideas, and political organization. II.Animism a.It was common among African societies to believe in Animism, which is a belief in natural forces as gods. It also provided a model for ethical behavior, and well rounded concepts of good and evil. They believed in a creator deity who did their work through lesser spirits. b.Families, lineages, and clans all played important roles; especially the deceased ancestors. They were believed to be a link to the spiritual world. c.Although the beliefs are generally the same in Animism throughout the different societies, their rituals are unique and different from one another. III.Bantu language a.The movement of Bantu speaking people gave a general linguistic base throughout much of Africa. b.The only society that had a non-Bantu language was the Yourba. IV.Political Organization a.African societies were all either a hierarchy, or a stateless society. A hierarchy is an organization in which people are ranked one above the other according to status. A stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state, and there is little authority. V.Conclusion a.In conclusion, Animism and Bantu language were the common elements found in African societies. b.Again, the conversion of some African states to Islam brought Africa into a more Eurasian system of trade, and introduced them to new religious ideas, and political organization.

Proteomics

Tracing the footprints of Proteomics – To compare and study the techniques used in proteomics since the last decade. Abstract: Proteomics is a study of the proteome of an organism. The last few decades have seen a rapid progress in the development of this field. This paper attempts to compare and contrast the way in which proteomics studies are performed today as opposed to those performed ten years ago and analyse its future implications. The thrust of research while studying biology at a molecular level initially was focused specifically on the genomes of various organisms. As scientists discovered the intricacies of genes and their functionalities, the attention was soon drawn towards the end result of the central dogma of molecular biology, namely, the proteins, produced through translation of RNAs. Therefore, to study the proteins produced in an organism, referred to as the proteome, not just as products of a genome, but more importantly how they interact and bring about changes at the macro level, the field of proteomics has emerged. (1) Proteins play a pivotal role in carrying out various functions in a body at the structural and dynamic levels. Proteins as enzymes and hormones regulate the vital metabolic processes and as structural components provide stability to the cellular components. The knowledge obtained through the study of these systems gives an insight into the overall functioning of the living organisms. In spite of having similar genetic blue prints, the protein expression in various organisms are regulated differently through diverse networks of protein-protein interactions. Hence, proteomics provides an understanding about these regulatory processes and establishes the differences and similarities between the evolutionary pathways of the organisms by grouping them under phylogentic trees. Further, drugs can be developed for specific diseases by designing structural analogues of proteins responsible for diseased conditions after elucidating their structures, which can then up or down regulate metabolic processes. Thus, the study of proteins plays an essential part of researches carried out in other related fields of study such as developmental and evolutionary biology and drug designing. (1)(2) Since the invention of the 2-Dimentional Gel Electrophoresis in the 1970s, which is considered to be the stepping stone of modern day protein studies, scientists have been constantly striving to develop new and potent methods to study proteomics. Thus, this paper is an attempt to identify and compare these techniques which have been used and improved over the last decade. The popular and preferred procedure to study the proteome of an organism comprises of three major steps, isolation, separation on 2-D gel and analysis through a mass spectrometer. Most of the improvements revolve around this basic protocol. 2-D gel electrophoresis was one of the first methods which were used to analyse the proteome of an organism. In this technique, the protein is separated on the basis of its charge and size. The proteins are first separated on the basis of their different charges in the 1st dimension, following which they are separated on the 2nd dimension on the basis of their molecular weight. The gel or map provides a graphical representation of each protein after separation and hence they can be distinguished individually. However, the reproducibility of the results obtained through such an analysis has not been satisfactory. Till date there are constant efforts being made to improve the efficacy of this technique, such that a large number of proteins could be separated at the same time. The first 2-D separation which was carried out by using the electrophoresis buffer and starch gel, the improvements which followed gave rise to the foundation of modern day 2-D separation, which was combining two 1-d techniques involving separation on the basis of pH using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and using SDS-Page for separation on the basis of molecular weight after the samples have been prepared specifically using various reagents such as Urea (as a chaotrope to solubilise) and DTT (to break di-sulphide linkages without fragmentation into peptides), in a suitable buffer (3). Further, for certain segments of proteins which were hydrophobic in nature, like those found in the cell membrane, it was discovered that special reagents such as thiourea, sulfobetaine and tributyl phosphine which are classified as chaotropes, surfactants and reducing agents respectively, assisted their solubility during sample preparation before running them on the gel. Another notable extension of 2-D separation was the use of IPG strips, which had different pH gradients. These strips were made available commercially and drastically contributed to the convenience of the technique. Also, experiments were carried out using a number of such strips to increase the range of pH, hence successfully accommodating a large number of proteins(4). Nevertheless, such a method, although successful, was human-error prone and hence the results on the varied from each other in majority of cases. To overcome this, a number of replicates of the gel had to be prepared and therefore demanded a lot of labour. To overcome this barrier, the differential gel electrophoresis technique DIGE was developed. In this method, the proteins are labelled with fluorescent dyes prior to electrophoresis. The fluorophores are joined via an amide linkage to the amino acid lysine and therefore the proteins can be resolved together on the same gel through distinguished patterns of fluorescent emissions (5). Further advancement of the standard 2-D gel analysis was to incorporate automation to the technology, however the room for automation to analyse the results was limited due to the inability of a computer to distinguish between the different patterns. Differentiating a spot of protein on a gel, its intensity and to separate it from a background still remains an overwhelming task for the computer. The next step in proteome analysis is protein identification using mass spectrometry (MS). One of the most compelling problems of using MS to study biomolecules such as proteins was the inability to obtain ions of sufficiently large size which would effectively lead to their identification. Since the development of Electron Spray ionization and MALDI (Matrix assisted Laser Desorption Ionization) this drawback of MS was overcome and today the combination of these ion sources with different mass analysers e. g. MALDI-TOF/TOF, ESI Q-TOF and ESI triple quardrupoles are used widely in proteomics. Identification of a protein is carried out through a process referred to as peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). In this technique, proteins that have been separated on a 2-D gel are excised and digested into peptides using proteases such as trypsin. The digested peptides, when subjected to study in a MS, give a characteristic m/z spectrum. The protein can be indentified when this data correlates to the data in protein databases; compared using softwares based specific algorithms. However, to extrapolate a proteins role in metabolism, it is also necessary to identify how the protein is modified after translation. Post translation modification plays an important role in acting like a regulating switch; modifications such as phosphorylation play an important in processes such as cell signalling. The main drawback while analysing a phosphorylated protein through MS was its signal suppression. To rectify this issue, high performance separation techniques such as HPLC were conjugated with the MS; LC-MALDI-MS is an example of such a combination (6). Further extension of the protein mass fingerprinting was the development of shotgun proteomics, to specifically do away with the disadvantages of a standard 2-D gel analysis. This technique is based on separation of peptides obtained after protease digestion, using multidimensional chromatography. It is necessary that the two dimension of this multidimensional separation done using chromatography are orthogonal in nature, i. e. using two different properties of a protein similar to a 2-D gel separation which uses pI and mass. Separating proteins using reversed phase, based on hydrophobicity, and Strong cation exchange, using the charged state of the peptides is an example of separation in two dimensions. Although the PMF approach provided a successful identification process to recognize the proteins present in a proteome, it was also necessary to study the changes in protein expression in response to a stimulus. To achieve this, the technique call the ICAT was developed which protein mixtures from after isolation were modified such that they can differentiated on the basis of mass from one cellular location to another. In ICAT, this modification is done using a cysteine with an isotope labelled biotin tag. Today, the efforts to develop new technologies are directed towards automation in sample preparation and effective interfacing with other techniques. Interfacing has been achieved more successfully with ESI than MALDI owing to its ability of operating with a continuous flow of liquid (7). Sample from organisms contain thousands of proteins, to effectively separate certain important proteins such as disease biomarkers from this mixture, is a highly demanding task. Further, effective proteolytic digestion can be challenging when the proteins of interest are present in low quantities. Therefore, before a sample of protein can be effectively analysed there are a number of steps to be performed which are prone to human error and are laborious. The development of Micro-fluidic system as an interface with the mass spectrometer such as ESI provides the option of automating this process and hence making proteome analysis more effective less time-consuming. Therefore, such a chip based technology has a clear advantage over the traditionally used methods due its improved probability of obtaining the protein of interest, reduced consumption of reagents and accelerated reaction time. The micro fluidic chips can be directly coupled to an ESI- MS using a pressure driven or electro-osmotic flow. Thus, such a system where there is a direct interface is called an on-line setup. On the other hand, such a setup cannot be achieved in MALDI where a mechanical bridge is created between the micro-fluidic chip and the Mass spectrometer. The first step of a proteome analysis, i. e. sample purification is carried out using a hydrophobic membrane integrated into an inlet channel of a polyimide chip. Separation of proteins from the sample can be achieved either using a capillary electrophoresis (CE) or a liquid chromatographic (LC) method. CE is usually preferred over LC due as it provides a faster separation and can be coupled to an electric pump. Proteolytic digestion is carried out on the solid surface of the chips, where the enzymes are immobilized. Thus, such a chip provides a platform for the automation of the initial steps of a proteomic study, and more studies are still being performed to increase the efficacy of this approach (8). To conclude, over the last decade, there has been a rapid progress in the techniques used to study proteomics. The direction of progress has also shed a light on the importance of proteomics and the implications if would have in the coming years. Studies on evolution have benefitted a great deal with the development of techniques like ICAT which enhances quantitative and comparative studies of the different proteomes. In the field of medicine and drug discovery, the application of these techniques, paves the road for discovery of novel biomarkers for specific diseases in a quicker and less complicated manner. Further, it would also assist vaccine development by identifying specific antigens for a disease. The developments of micro-fluidic chips have opened the door for new diagnostics techniques by characterizing effectively the protein responsible for a diseased state. Such an approach has already been employed to study the proteins produced in the body in a cancerous state. Therefore, as more researchers and academics adapt these with these applications, many more improvements would soon evolve. References: 1. Anderson, L. , Matheson, A. and Steiner, S. (2000). â€Å"Proteomics: applications in basic and applied biology. † Current Opinion in Biotechnology Vol: 11:pp. 408–412. 2. Pazos, F. and Valencia, A. (2001). â€Å"Similarity of phylogenetic trees as indicator of protein protein interaction. † Protein Engineering Vol: 14: no 9: pp. 609-614. 3. Klose, J. (2009). From 2-D electrophoresis to proteomics. † Electrophoresis Vol: 30: pp. 142–149. 4. Herbert, B. (1999). â€Å"Advances in protein solubilisation for two-dimensional electrophoresis. † Electrophoresis Vol: 20: pp. 660- 663. 5. Alban, A. , David, S. , Bjorkesten, L. , Andersson, C. , Sloge, E. , Lewis, S. and Currie, I. (2003). â€Å"A novel experimental design for comparative two-dimensional gel analysis: Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis i ncorporating a pooled internal standard. Proteomics Vol: 3: pp. 36–44. 6. Reinders, J. , Lewandrowski, U. , Moebius, J. , Wagner, Y. and Sickmann, A. (2004). â€Å"Challenges in mass spectrometry based proteomics. † Proteomics Vol: 4: pp. 3686–3703. 7. Swanson, S. and Washburn, M. (2005). â€Å"The continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics. † Drug Discovery Today Vol: 10. 8. Lee, J. , Sopera, S. and Murraya, K. (2009). â€Å"Microfluidic chips for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. † Journal of Mass Spectrometry Vol: 44: pp. 579–593.

Nicaragua1 essays

Nicaragua1 essays Have you ever wanted to go to a place during our winter season that is warm or hot most of the year? Well, most people choose Florida, or California. But, why not go out of the country this winter and try the largest country of Central America, Nicaragua. I did lots of research on Nicaragua, and I hope you learn as much as I did. To begin my report, I will give you some brief history. The first inhabitants of Nicaragua were the Nicaro Indians. This way of life was blended with Spanish settlers when they first came. The name of this tribe was from a great Indian chief, whose name was also Nicaro. This chief was so famous that the country of Nicaragua was also gotten from his name. Next, I will tell you about the land of Nicaragua. It is located in Central America, and is the largest country there. It is on the continent of North America. Nicaragua is 50,193 square miles (130,000 square kilometers). Honduras borders Nicaragua in the north, and it is bordered by Costa Rica on the south. There are two oceans that border Nicaragua. On the east, there is the Carribean Sea and on the west is the Pacific Ocean. Nicaragua has many different types of land forms. There are mostly volcanoes, some active, behind the coastal plains and along the Pacific border. The active volcanoes cause some danger to the coastal cities, but there haven't been any serious accidents. The largest volcano in Nicaragua, the Santiago Volcano, lies south of Nicaragua's capital city. Lots of steam rises from the little holes that surround the volcanoes. East of these volcanic regions are the Central Highlands. This part of Nicaragua is rainy and has some evergreen and deciduous forests dotted around. The forest's floors are flat, not hilly like some other regions. Very few people live in this forest-like place. There are also some lakes in Nicaragua. One lake, Lake Nicaragua, is the largest one in Nicaragua and Central America. The other lake ...

Islamic Mullah

Islamic Mullah Mullah is the name given  to teachers or scholars of Islamic learning or the leaders of mosques. The term is usually a mark of respect but can also be used in a derogatory manner and is primarily used in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. In Arabic-speaking lands, an Islamic cleric is called an imam or Shayk  instead. Mullah is derived from the Arabic term mawla, which means master or the one in charge. Throughout Southern Asias history, these rulers of Arabic descent have led cultural revolutions and religious war alike. However, a mullah is general a local Islamic leader, although sometimes they rise to national prominence. Usage in Modern Culture Most often, Mullah refers to Islamic scholars well-versed in the sacred law of the Quran, however, in  Central  and  East Asia, the term mullah is used on a local level to refer to mosque leaders and scholars as a sign of respect.   Iran is a unique case in that it uses the term in a pejorative manner, referring to low-level clerics as mullahs because the term derives from Shiite  Islam wherein the Quran casually mentions mullah multiple times throughout its pages while Shia Islam is the dominant religion of the country. Instead, clergymen and religious leaders use alternative terms to refer to their most respected members of the faith.   In most senses, though, the term has disappeared from modern usage except to mock those who are overly devout in their religious pursuits - a sort of insult for reading the Quran too much and assuming oneself the Mullah referred to in the sacred text. Respected Scholars Still, there is some respect behind the name mullah - at least for those who regard those well versed in religious texts as mullahs. In these cases, the astute scholar must have a firm understanding of all things Islam - especially as it pertains to the contemporary society wherein the hadith (traditions) and fiqh (law) are equally important. Oftentimes, those considered to be mullah will have memorized the Quran and all of its important teachings and lessons - though often times throughout history uneducated common folk would misname visiting clerics mullahs because of their vast knowledge (comparatively) of the religion. Mullahs can also be considered teachers and political leaders. As teachers, mullahs share their knowledge of religious texts in schools called madrasas in matters of Shariah law. They have also served in positions of power, such as the case with Iran after the Islamic State took control in 1979. In Syria, Mullahs play an important role in the ongoing conflict between rival Islamic groups and foreign adversaries alike, valuing the protection of Islamic law while staving off Islamic extremists and attempting to restore democracy or civilized form of government to the war-torn nation.

Program and culture architecture class Research Paper

Program and culture architecture class - Research Paper Example Communication theory can fit well in the architectural industry because of the industry is characterized by various personnel. Dainty, David and Michael (26) note that it will be difficult for people in any field to operate if they cannot find a commonly approved modus operandi to underline their work activities, communication is essential to the field of architecture. Much the same way, architectural field cannot be successful without effective communication. The dynamic patterns of involvement in the architectural field effectively present communication challenges. So, without effective communication, it would be very difficult any construction company to effective achieve its goals. I have adopted this blend of various cultural elements because a range of cultural diversity characterizes this country, Indonesia. Depending on where you are born and bled, you might fiend yourself blending up with other groups of people with their own cultural

Reading Respond#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Respond#3 - Essay Example U.S, and of the armed forces of the numerous states, when given the actual service of America and commission all the service personnel of the United States (The Founders Constitution 1). The separation of war powers within the U.S Constitution does not appear so uncertain. While the President is given some exclusive authorities (Straub 1-2), the immensity of the authority to take the country to war depends on Congress (Kinkopf 2). According to U.S. Constitution, there is separation of powers of war. With Congress having the power to proclaim war, select and sustain the armed forces, and manage war funding (Article I, Section 8). At the time the Constitution was outlined (Kinkopf 2), the framers evaluated the singular willpower of the Executive against the Legislature’s consultative function, whose components would ultimately carry the cost of battle (The Founders Constitution 1). The ultimate responsibility for any military engagement is held by the congress. This is clear as it is supported by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has been fast to remind the people that, where overlaps in the authorities given by the Constitution prevail, reverence goes to Congress. This is a clear declaration of Supreme Court that when Congress, acting in the vast aspects of overlapping authority, tells the President no, the President ought to comply (Kinkopf 2). Straub, Steve. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Paper #69, On Command of the Army and Navy. On March 21, 2011. Accessed from